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| molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell |
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| signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring (nearby) cells |
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| hormones released from a cell affect other cells throughout the body |
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| nerve cells release the signal (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors on nearby cells |
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| the molecule to which the receptor binds-may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell |
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| : the events within the cell that occur in response to a signal |
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| an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein |
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| an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein |
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| cell surface receptor or membrane receptor |
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Definition
| located on the plasma membrane to bind a ligand outside the cell |
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| channel linked receptors (membrane) |
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Definition
| ion channel that opens in response to a ligand |
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| enzymatic receptors (membrane) |
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Definition
| receptor is an enzyme that is activated by the ligand |
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| G protein-coupled receptor (membrane) |
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Definition
| a G-protein (bound to GTP) assists in transmitting the signal |
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have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure
-can cross the plasma membrane to a steroid receptor |
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-usually affect regulation of gene expression
(An inhibitor blocks the receptor from binding to DNA until the hormone is present.) |
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| A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains: |
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Definition
1. hormone-binding domain
2. DNA binding domain
3. domain that interacts with coactivators to affect gene expression |
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| receptor tyrosine kinases |
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Definition
-membrane receptor
-when bound by a ligand, the receptor is activated by dimerization and autophosphorylation
-activated receptor adds a phosphate to tyrosine on a response protein |
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Definition
| a series of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other in succession-amplifies the signal because a few signal molecules can elicit a large cell response |
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| mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases |
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Definition
| are activated by kinase cascades (are at the end) |
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| signaling protein bound to GTP, turned on by the receptor, then activates an effector protein (usually an enzyme) |
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| G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) |
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Definition
| receptors bound to G proteins |
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| generates the cellular response to the original signal; activated by G-Protein Coupled Receptors |
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| commonly used as tissue-specific markers |
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| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins |
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Definition
| proteins are used by cells to distinguish “self” from “non-self |
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| connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells |
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| permit small molecules to pass between cells |
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