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Definition
The reversal tactic (A-B-A) entails _____ of behavior in a given setting during three consecutive phases:
(a) a baseline phase (absence of independent variable)
(b) a treatment phase (introduction of the independent variable), and
(c) a return to baseline conditions (withdrawal of the independent variable). |
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| strengthened tremendously |
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Definition
| The reversal design is _____ by reintroducing the independent variable in the form of an A-B-A-B design. |
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| The ____ is the most straightforward and generally most powerful intra-subject design for demonstrating functional relations. |
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| Extending the A-B-A-B design with repeated reversals may provide a more convincing demonstration of a functional relation than a design with _____ reversal. |
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| The _____ reversal design can be used with target populations for which an initial baseline phase is inappropriate or not possible for ethical or practical reasons. |
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| Multiple treatment reversal designs use the reversal tactic to compare the effects of two or more _____ to baseline and/or to one another. |
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| confounding by sequence effects |
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Definition
| Multiple treatment reversal designs are particularly susceptible to _____. |
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| The NCR reversal technique enables the isolation and analysis of the ____ aspect of reinforcement. |
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| Reversal techniques incorporating _____ control conditions can also be used to demonstrate the effects of contingent reinforcement. |
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Definition
| An experimental design based on the reversal tactic is ineffective in evaluating the effects of a treatment variable that, by its very nature, _____ once it has been presented (e.g., instruction, modeling). |
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| Once improved, some behaviors will not reverse to baseline levels even though the independent variable has been withdrawn. Such behavioral _____ prevents effective use of the reversal design. |
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| Legitimate social, educational, and ethical concerns are often raised over withdrawing a seemingly effective treatment variable to provide _____ of its function in changing behavior. |
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| Sometimes very brief reversal phases, or even on-session baseline probes, can demonstrate believable experimental control. |
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Definition
| The alternating treatments design compares two or more _____ (i.e., independent variables) while their effects on the target behavior (i.e, dependent variable) are measured. |
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| Three roles data points play in alternating treatment designs |
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Definition
(a) provide a basis for the prediction of future levels of responding under that treatment
(b) provide potential verification of the previous prediction of performance under that treatment,
(c) provide the opportunity for replication of previous effects produced by that treatment. |
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Definition
| Experimental control is demonstrated in the alternating treatments design when the data paths for two different treatments show _____. |
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Definition
| The extent of any differential effects produced by two treatments is determined by the ____ between their respective data paths and quantified by the vertical axis scale. |
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| Variations of the alternating treatments design |
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Definition
- Single-phase alternating treatments design without a no-treatment control condition
- Single-phase design with a no-treatment control condition
- Two-phase design: initial baseline phase followed by the alternating treatments phase
- Three-phase design: initial baseline phase followed by the alternating treatments phase and a final best treatment phase. |
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| Advantages of the alternating treatments design: |
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Definition
- Does not require treatment withdrawal
- Quickly compares the relative effectiveness of treatments
- Minimizes the problem of irreversibility
- Minimizes sequence effects
- Can be used with unstable data patterns
- Can be used to assess generalization of effects
- Intervention can begin immediately |
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Term
| multiple treatment interference |
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Definition
| The alternating treatments design is susceptible to _____. However, by following the alternating treatments phase with a phase in which only one treatment is administered, the experimenter can assess the effects of that treatment in isolation. |
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| rapid back-and-forth switching |
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Definition
| The _____ of treatments does not reflect the typical manner in which interventions are applied and may be viewed as artificial and undesirable. |
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| An alternating treatments phase is usually limited to a maximum of four different treatment conditions. |
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| The alternating treatments design is most effective in revealing the _____ effects of treatment conditions that differ significantly from one another. |
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| The alternating treatments design is _____ for assessing the effects of an independent variable that produces important changes in behavior only when it is consistently administered over a continuous period of time. |
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