Term
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Definition
| the bones, muscles, and joints together |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of medical science concerned with the prevention or correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of muscles |
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Definition
| alternating light and dark bands that are visible under a microscope |
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Definition
| muscles that lack striations |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles can be made to contract and relax by conscious control |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles contraction’s are not under conscious control |
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Term
| features of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
- striated
- involuntary
- attaches to bones and moves skeleton
- little capacity for regeneration |
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Term
| features of cardiac muscle |
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Definition
- found in heart wall
- striated
- involuntary
- can regenerate under certain conditions |
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Term
| features of smooth muscle |
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Definition
- found in walls of internal structures (blood vessels, airways, stomach, intestines)
- used during digestion, regulating blood pressure, etc
- nonstriated
- involuntary
- considerable capacity to regenerate |
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Term
| 5 functions of muscular tissue |
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Definition
1) producting body movements
2) stabilizing body positions
3) regulating organ volume
4) moving substances within the body
5) producing heat |
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Term
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Definition
| ring like bands found in smooth muscles that prevent outflow |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated, cylindrical skeletal muscle cells |
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Definition
| a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue beneath the skin or around muscles and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| fascia immediately under the skin |
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Term
| what is superficial fascia made of? |
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Definition
| areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue |
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Term
| what is deep fascia made of? |
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Definition
| dense, irregular connective tissue |
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Term
| what is the function of deep fascia? |
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Definition
| holds muscles together and separates them into functional groups |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| describe epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium |
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Definition
- epimysium covers an entire fascicle
- perimysium covers 10 to 100 fasciles
- endomysium covers each individual muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| a cord of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers; muscle to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane that covers each muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| tunnel-like extensions of the sarcolemma which pass through the muscle fiber from side to side |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle fiber's cytoplasm; contains mitochondria that produces ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| network of fluid-filled membrane enclosed tubules that store the calcium ions required for muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| reddish pigment (similar to hemoglobin) found in the sarcoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| stores oxygen until needed by mitochondria to generate ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| cylindrical structures that extend throughout muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic functional unit of striated muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| zig zagging dense material that separates sarcomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| darker area in each sarcomere that extends the entire length of thick filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| lighter colored area at either side of A band |
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Term
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Definition
| protein found in thick filaments |
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Term
| what are the three proteins found in thin filaments? |
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Definition
| actin, tropomyosin, and troponin |
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Term
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Definition
| the wasting away of muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular atrophy in muscles that aren't used |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular atrophy that occurs when nerve supply to a muscle is disrupted or cut |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular hypertrophy that causes an increase in the diameter of muscle fibers |
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Term
| sliding filament mechanism |
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Definition
| the process where the myosin heads of thick filaments pull on the actin of thin filaments causing them to move closer towards the center of the sarcomere, resulting in contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| an electrical signal that aids muscle fibers in contraction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a single nueron and the muscle fibers it stimulates |
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Term
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Definition
| the swellings found at the end of axon terminals that are filled with synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of the sarcolemma near the axon terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma |
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Term
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Definition
| the synapse formed between the axon terminals of a motor neuron and the motor end plate of a muscle fiber |
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Term
| 4 steps to exciting a skeletal muscle fiber |
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Definition
1) release acetycholine (ACh)
2) activate ACh receptors
3) generate muscle action potential
4) breakdown ACh |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that is released upon the arrival of nerve impulses at the synaptic end bulbs |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that rapidly breaks down the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| the repeating squence of events active during muscle contraction that causes the filaments to slide |
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Term
| what are the four steps of the contraction cycle? |
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Definition
- splitting ATP
- forming crossbriges
- power stroke
- binding ATP and detaching |
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Term
| what is the function of the enzyme ATPase |
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Definition
| this enzyme splits ATP, ADP, and phosphate groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition of stiffness in dead bodies when the calciumn ion leaks out of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes and binding to troponin therefore contraction the body's muscles |
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Term
| what are the two ways muscles relax |
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Definition
- neurotransmitter AChis broken down by AChE which causes nerve action potentials to stop
- calcium ions are transported from the sarcoplasma into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of a small groups of motor units alternately active and inactive in a constantly shifting pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of limpness in which muscle tone is lost |
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Term
| what are the three sources of ATP production |
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Definition
- creatine phosphate
- glycosis
- aerobic cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of reactions that produce 2 ATPs by breaking down a glucose molecule to pyruvic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| processes that occurs without using oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| process that need oxygen to occur |
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Term
| aerobic cellular respiration |
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Definition
| a series of ATP-producing reactions that occur in the mitochondria and require oxygen |
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Term
| what are muscle fiber's two sources of oxygen |
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Definition
- oxygen that dissues from the blood
- oxygen released by myoglobin in sarcoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| the process where the pyruvic acid created during glycosis is converted into lactic acid to produce ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of a muscle to contract forcefull after prolonged activity |
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Term
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Definition
| the elevated use of oxygen used to restore the body after exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| the contraction of a single muscle action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of impulses per second |
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Term
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Definition
| a brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| a brief delay that occurs between application of the stimulus and the beginning of contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrival of stimuli arrive one after another that cause larger contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| a sustained but wavering contraction caused by a repeatedly stimulated skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| a sustained contraction that lacks partial relaxation between stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which the number of contracting motor units is increased |
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Term
| what are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers |
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Definition
- slow oxidative (SO) fibers
- fast oxidative (FOG) fibers
- fast glycolytic (FG) fibers |
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Term
| what are the properties of SO fibers |
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Definition
- generates ATP by aerobic cellular respiration
- resistant to fatigue
- capable of prolonged sustained contractions |
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Term
| what are the properties of FOG fibers |
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Definition
- generate ATP through aerobic cellular respiration
- moderately high resistance to fatigue
- high amounts of glycogen; uses glycoylsis too |
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Term
| what are the properties of FG fibers |
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Definition
- contain myofibrils
- generate most powerful contractions
- low myoglobin levels
- few mitochondria
- best for intense movements of short duration
- quickly fatigued |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction where muscle develops considerable tension with no change in length |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction where the length of a muscle is changed but there is no change in tension |
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Term
| properties of cardiac muscle tissue |
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Definition
- striated
- involuntary
- one central nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma |
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Term
| function of intercalated discs |
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Definition
| holds cardiac muscle fibers together |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment of a muscle by means of tendon to the stationary bone |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment of a muscle by means of tendon to the movable bone |
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Term
| tenosynovitis (tendinitis) |
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Definition
| painful inflammation of the tendons, tendon sheaths, and synovial membranes of joints |
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Term
| prime mover muscle (agonist) |
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Definition
| muscle that causes a desired action |
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Term
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Definition
the muscle that relaxes while the prime mover contracts
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