Term
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Definition
| Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting the binding of transfer RNA; bacteriostatic antibiotics that decrease bacterial growth |
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Term
| Therapeutic Uses of Tetracycline |
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Definition
i.Treatment of infectious diseases—Use has declined due to drug resistance; Used as first-line treatment of rickettsial diseases, infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, brucellosis, cholera, pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Lyme disease, anthrax and gastric infection with H. pylori
ii.Treatment of acne—Topically and orally used for severe acne vulgaris
iii.Peptic ulcer disease—Helicobacter pylori is major contributing factor to peptic ulcer disease; part of treatment combinations to eradicate organism
iv.Other tetracyclines have additional therapeutic uses
1.Rheumatoid arthritis—Minocycline can reduce symptoms
2.Periodontal disease—Doxycycline orally or topically or topical minocycline |
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Term
| Adverse Effects of Tetracycline |
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Definition
i.Gastrointestinal irritation—Epigastric burning, cramping, N/V/D. Can be reduced by giving with meals, but this may decrease absorption; may cause ulceration, so don’t give at bedtime
ii.Effects on bones and teeth—Affects developing teeth resulting in discoloration and hypoplasia of enamel; can suppress long-bone growth in premature infants (is reversible); tetracyclines should not be used in children under the age of 8 or in pregnant women
iii. Suprainfection
iv.Hepatotoxicity—Fatty infiltration of liver, especially with high dose IV
v.Renal Toxicity—Exacerbate renal dysfunction with preexisting kidney disease
vi.Photosensitivity – sunburn easily
vii.Other adverse effects—Vestibular toxicity (dizziness, light headedness, unsteadiness); pain at injection sites, thrombophlebitis with IV and other rare effects |
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Term
| Drug Interactions with Tetracycline |
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Definition
Avoid foods and drugs with specific chelating agents (give two hours before or after); do not take with dairy products, calcium containing dietary supplements, or calcium containing antacids, metal ions,
i. Chelating agents include calcium, iron, magnesium, aluminum, zinc
ii. Found in milk products, calcium supplements, iron supplements, magnesium containing laxatives and most antacids
iii. If tetracycline given with these agents, absorption decreases
iv. Absorption decreases w/ food |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit and blocks addition of new amino acids to growing peptide chain; usually bacteriostatic but can be bactericidal in high doses to susceptible organisms; can’t cross host mitochondrial membrane; resistance develops from drug efflux and modification of bacterial ribosomes |
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Term
| Adverse Effects of Erythromycin |
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Definition
i. Gastrointestinal effects—N/V/D. Most common adverse effect; may need to take with food, but use forms not affected by food, liver injury,
ii. QT interval prolongation and sudden cardiac death-Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmia called torsades de pointes
iii. Other adverse effects—Suprainfection of bowel, thrombophlebitis (inflammation at site of injection), transient loss of hearing |
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Term
| 2 Drugs similar to Erythromycin |
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Definition
i. Clarithromycin (Biaxin) - For respiratory tract, skin infections, and prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex of HIV patients; can cause diarrhea or taste disturbances; GI effects are less than with erythromycin; can affect drugs that are metabolized by liver
ii. Azithromycin (Zithromax) - Primarily used for respiratory tract infections; well tolerated (prescribed the most) |
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Term
| Clindamycin (Cleocin) Adverse Effects |
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Definition
i. Antibiotic—Associated pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile suprainfection)—10 to 20 stools/day; drugs that decrease bowel motility may make condition worse (dehydration especially with kids)
ii. Other adverse effects—Diarrhea, hypersensitivity, hepatotoxicity, blood dyscrasias (WBC), problems with rapid infusion |
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Term
| Linezolid (Zyvox) Antimicrobial Spectrum |
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Definition
| Has activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA & VRE |
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Term
| Adverse effects of Linezolid (Zyvox) |
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Definition
| Well tolerated; diarrhea, nausea, HA, myelosuppression |
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Term
| drug interactions with Linezolid (Zyvox) |
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Definition
Sympathomimetics, tyramine containing foods, SSRIs, MAOIs
i. Increase risk of hypertensive crisis with MAOIs, tyramine containing foods, and sympathomimetics |
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