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Ch 8
N/A
59
Biology
11th Grade
10/14/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Life Cycle
Definition
Sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the nest
Term
Genome
Definition
Set of genetic info
Term
Asexual Reproduction
Definition
The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
The structures that contain most of the organism's DNA
Term
Sexual Reproduction
Definition
The creation of offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells, forming a diploid zygote
Term
Cell Division
Definition
Reproduction of cells
Term
Binary Fission
Definition
Type of cell division that Prokaryotes use to reproduce
Term
Chromatin
Definition
Combination of DNA and protein molecules
Term
Sister Chromatids
Definition
Identical copies of the DNA molecule
Term
Centromere
Definition
Narrow "waist" that joins the chromatids together.
Term
Cell Cycle
Definition
Ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells.
Term
Interphase
Definition
When a cell's metabolic activity is very high and the cell performs its various functions within the organism.
Term
Mitotic Phase (M Phase)
Definition
Part of the cell cycle when the cell actually divides
Term
Mitosis
Definition
When the nucleus and its contents divide and are evenly distributed to form two daughter nuclei
Term
Cytokineses
Definition
When the cytoplasm is divided in two
Term
5 main stages of mitosis
Definition
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Term
Prophase
Definition
When changes occur in both the nucleus and cytoplasm
Term
Prometaphase
Definition
When the nuclear envelope breaks into fragments and disappears
Term
Metaphase
Definition
The mitotic spindle is fully formed
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Begins when two centromeres of chromosomes come apart.
Term
Telophase
Definition
Reverse of prophase
Term
Mitotic Spindle
Definition
football-shaped structure of mictrotubules that guides the separation of two sets of daughter chromosomes
Term
Centrosomes
Definition
clouds of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contain centrioles.
Term
Cleavage Furrow
Definition
Shallow groove in the cell surface
Term
Cell plate
Definition
Grows outward, accumulating more cell wall materials as more vesicles fuse with it
Term
Growth Factor
Definition
A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide.
Term
Density-dependent Inhibition
Definition
Phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing
Term
Anchorage Dependence
Definition
Must be in contact with solid surface
Term
Cell Cycle Control System
Definition
A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle
Term
Tumor
Definition
An abnormally growing mass of body cells
Term
Benign Tumor
Definition
When the abnormal cells remain at one site
Term
Malignant tumor
Definition
Displaces normal tissue and interrupts organ functions.
Term
Metastasis
Definition
When tumnor cells enter the blood and lymph vessels of the circulatory system and move to other parts of the body, where they may proliferate and form new tumors.
Term
Carcinomas
Definition
Cancers that orginate in the external or internal coverings of the body
Term
Sarcomas
Definition
Arise in tissue that support the body
Term
Leukemias and Lymphomas
Definition
Cancers of blood-forming tissues, such as bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes.
Term
Somatic Cell
Definition
Typical body cell
Term
Homologous Chromosomes
Definition
Two chromosomes composing a pair
Term
Locus
Definition
Particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome
Term
Sex Chromosomes
Definition
X and Y chromosomes
Term
Autosomes
Definition
Other 22 pairs of chromosomes
Term
Diploid Cell
Definition
Any cell with two homologous sets of chromosomes
Term
Gametes
Definition
Egg and sperm cells
Term
Haploid Cell
Definition
Cell with a single chromosome set
Term
Fertilization
Definition
When a haploid sperm cell of a father fuses with a haploid egg cell of a mother
Term
Zygote
Definition
Resulting fertilized egg
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Type of cell division that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms.
Term
Tetrads
Definition
Four chromatids
Term
Crossing Over
Definition
Exchange of corresponding segments between two homologous chromosomes
Term
Chiasma
Definition
Sites crossing over as X-shaped regions
Term
Genetic Recombination
Definition
Production of gene combinations different from those carried by the original chromosomes
Term
Karyotype
Definition
Ordered display of magnified images of an individual's chromosomes arranged in pairs.
Term
Trisomy 21
Definition
Three number 21 chromosomes to make 47 in total.
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
Extra copy of chromosome 21
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
Occasional mishap
Term
Deletion
Definition
Loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation
Term
Duplication
Definition
Repetition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome
Term
Inversion
Definition
When a fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse direction
Term
Translocation
Definition
Attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a non-homologous chromosome.
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