Term
| What are the basic memory processes? |
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Definition
| 1. encoding 2. storage 3. retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| Automatic Processing or Effortful Processing |
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Term
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Definition
Space- ex: automatically recall where on a page something is;
Time- unintentionally take note of when events happen in a day;
Frequency- how often things happen to us |
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Term
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Definition
| Committing a new concept to memory requires work but the memory becomes durable and accessible |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory, Short-term and Long-term |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial, brief storage of sensory information; separate sensory memories for each modality |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory memory storage for visual information; preserves raw, unprocessed image; holds info for about 1 sec; capacity is unlimited |
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Term
| Conclusion from Sperling's Experiment |
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Definition
| info fades from sensory stores; after you write the first few items the others are already forgotten; partial-reports were better than whole-reports because there was less to remember |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory storage for auditory info; mostly raw but will encode basic physical features ie. woman, man, child, etc; can hold info for about 20 seconds; capacity is unlimited |
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Term
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Definition
| gateway to LTM; associated with consciousness; "magical number" 7+or-2, hence phone # length; limit depends on individual ability, material and other factors; holds info for about 18 seconds |
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Term
| How do you increase the STM capacity? |
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Definition
| 1. Chunking- organizing items into familiar units depending upon previous knowledge; 2. use words instead of digits; 3. rehearsal- conscious repetition |
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Term
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Definition
| "inner voice" 7+-2 capacity; "inner eye" 3 to 4 capacity |
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Term
| Mistakes made when retrieving STM. |
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Definition
| mistakes sound like but do not look like the correct items; judgements made based on mental images are similar to those based on actual pictures |
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Term
| Baddeley's Working Memory |
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Definition
| not storage but factory; active and functioning system; emphasize how info gets in and out of memory |
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Term
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Definition
| selects strategies, integrates and directs info; transfers info to LTM; coordinates between visuospactial and phonological loop |
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Term
| 3 Components of Working Memory |
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Definition
| 1. Central Executive 2. Phonological Loop 3. Visuospatial Sketchpad |
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Term
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Definition
| deals with acoustic or phonological coding; stores visual info through SUBVOCAL REHEARSAL |
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Term
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Definition
| deals with visual imagery; stores visual info through VISUALIZATION |
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Term
| Major Assumption with Working Memory |
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Definition
| tasks using dif. memory subsystems should NOT interfere while those sharing a subsystem should interfere with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Unlimited capacity for storage; range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of info stored |
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Term
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Definition
| STM is easy to access but not durable; LTM is hard to access but highly durable |
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Term
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Definition
| Primacy and Recency Effects |
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Term
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Definition
| First items were more likely to be rehearsed (LTM) |
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Term
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Definition
| Last items are still in STM at time of recall |
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Term
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Definition
| Personally experienced and remembered events |
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Term
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Definition
| General knowledge, vocab and language; concepts and facts |
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Term
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Definition
| Actions, skills and operations |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories for events that contain info about yourself |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories of important events that caused an emotional reaction- we don't only recall the event but also where we were, who we were with and what we were doing |
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Term
| Reconstructive Remembering |
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Definition
| "fill in" parts of memories based on past experience/expectations; schemas- help us organize knowledge in LTM but we distort memories to fit these schemas |
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Term
| Loftus' Research on Reconstructed Memories |
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Definition
| Choice of wording may cause a different "memory"; (the car accident questions with bumped, crashed, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory does not reflect reality perfectly; generalization of what we know exerts a strong influence on what we remember; constructive process distorts our memories and influences later eye witnesses testimony |
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Term
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Definition
| Can occur at any memory stage; we filter, alter and lose during each stage |
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Term
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Definition
| We cannot remember what we do not encode into LTM; objects can be seen frequently but we never encode all the info (penny, billboards, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay |
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Term
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Definition
| Stored in LTM but cannot accessed due to "Interference" |
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Term
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Definition
| Old item interferes with new items; Ex. study Fr- study Sp- do bad on Sp Exam |
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Term
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Definition
| New interferes with the old; Ex. Study FR- Study SP- do bad on FR test |
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Term
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Definition
| People know when they know something even if they cannot recall it |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural central in the limbic system that is involved in the formation and storage of memories |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural center in hindbrain that is involved in the procedural memory and verbal working memory |
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Term
| How can we prevent Interference? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| retrieval damaged, no change in language, skills, attention span, visual/spatial functioning or motivation; caused by trauma or neural degeneration (Alzheimer's) |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty retrieving memories from before the trauma; often temporary result of injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty forming new memories after trauma (new info cannot become LTM); tends to be permanent |
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Term
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Definition
| The deeper the level of processing, the higher the memory accuracy |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental images are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding |
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Term
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Definition
| To-be-remembered items are combined into sentences or new words |
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Term
| Retrieval Cues should be.... |
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Definition
| similar to Encoding Cues. Differences can impair memory |
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Term
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Definition
| People recall when their mood at the time of recall matches their mood at the time of learning/encoding |
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Term
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Definition
| Material is easier to retrieve when in the same chemically intoxicated state as when encoding |
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Term
| Transfer-Appropriate Processing |
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Definition
| Encoding of information depends on how the info is expected to be used; EX. if told multiple choice but test is short answer, you will not do as well |
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Term
| Transfer-Appropriate Processing and Encoding Specificity are related how? |
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Definition
| Both emphasize importance of similarity between encoding and retrieval |
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