Term
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Definition
| _________ are packets of light energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ is the process by which plants make sugars (for energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ energy photons have short wavelegnths. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants only use wavelegnths between _________ and _________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants use _________ to absorb photons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main plant pigment is _________, which absorbs _________ and _________ light. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _________ pigment reflects green and yellow. |
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Term
| chlorophyllo b, xanthophylls, cartenoids |
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Definition
| The main plant pigments are _________, _________, and _________. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ relect yellow and brown. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ reflect red and orange. |
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Term
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Definition
| As pigments absorb photons, _________are given a boost of energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ release energy and start photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ in chloroplasts contain DNA ribosomes, and inner membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ membrane is the plant's inner membrane folded into stacks called grana. |
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Term
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Definition
| In chloropoasts, the site of loight dependent reactions is the _________ membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| In chloropoasts the site of light independent reactions is the _________. |
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Term
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Definition
| In light dependent reactions, light energy is converted to _________. _________ forms and oxygen is released. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ is a unit o chlorophyll a and other pigment molecules (_________ chlorophyll a molecules, _________ accessory pigments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants have _________ photosystems connected by a (n) _________ transport chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| in glycolysistwo _______________ molecules receive a phosphate and give off _______________ and _______________. Donates two NAD+and reduces two NAD to two NADH+. Results in two PGA and two NADH+ |
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Term
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Definition
| Light dependent reaction is _________ stage in thylakoid membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ excite electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ passed to _________ in photosystem II. |
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Term
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Definition
| Afer electrons passed to chlorophyll a in photosystem II, they enter a (n) _________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Where do the electrons for photosynthesis come from? |
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Term
| H2O, oxidized,inner thylakoid |
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Definition
Photosystem II pulls apart _________
(= O, H+,e-). Waer is _________, the e- continue to move thru the etc, and the oxygen goes into the air. The H+ goes to the _________ compartment. |
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Term
| diffusion, phosphate, ATP |
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Definition
| H+ passes thru ATP synthesis by _________, and forces _________ to combine with ADP to become _________. |
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Term
| Photosystem I, NADP, NADPH |
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Definition
| Electrons from photosystem II and etc enter _________, from here they go thru another etc and electrons are then donated to _________ to become _________ (reduced). |
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Term
| photosystem II, ETC, photosystem I, NADPH |
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Definition
Complete the formula:
(e-) -----> (photosystem ____ ) ----->
( ______ ) -----> (Photosystem ___ ) ----> (ETC) -----> (NADP) = _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| H+ -----> _________ ------> ATP Synthesis = ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ is the process of plants making sugars for energy |
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Term
| water is split produces atp nadph oxygen |
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Definition
| What happens during photosynthesis? |
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Term
this step starts with
atp for energy
nadph for H+ and electrons
carbon from carbon dioxide |
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Definition
| Synthesis (making something) step |
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Term
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Definition
| In light independent photosynthesis, CO2 enters plant thru _________ |
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Term
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Definition
| This enzyme picks up carbon in light independent photosynthesis |
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Term
| RuBisCO, RuBP (ribulose biphosphate), carbon fixation |
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Definition
enzyme ________ picks up carbon
transfers to ________ = ________, this
begins the calvin-benson cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of carbon to RuBP produces two __________ molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Once the Calvin-Benson cycle begins in light independent photosynthesis, _____ donates a phosphate to pga |
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Term
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Definition
In the Calvin-Benson cycle, _______ donates ___ and _____
=PGAL
Net 2 PGAL |
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Term
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Definition
| _______________ occurs in cytoplasm |
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Term
| glucose, glucose, fructose |
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Definition
| In glycolysis, two ATP are used to break down _______________, then _______________ becomes _______________ |
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Term
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Definition
| In glycolysis, _______________ is rearranged to form two PGAL molecules |
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Term
| glucose (2 atp)---> fructose -----> 2PGAL (NADPH) ---->2PGA |
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Definition
| glucose (2 atp)---> fructose -----> 2PGAL (NADPH) ---->2PGA |
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Term
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Definition
| NADPH+ (p stands for photosynthesis) is a what? |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ PGA give up _________ phosphates each to form _________ ATP. |
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Term
| Used 2 ATP, Madkes 4 ATP, Net (what is left over) 2A TP and 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules |
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Definition
| What happens, in summary, after glycolosis? |
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Term
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Definition
| Before the Krebs cycle begins, inside of the inner _________enzymes strip _________ carbon from the two pyruvates and donates C to O2, and that releases _________ |
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Term
| mitochondria, coenzyme, nadh |
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Definition
| Also before the Krebs cycle can begin, inside the inner _________ the remaining two pyruvate parts join a _________. They become two acetyl-CoA and two _________ are also released. |
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Term
| acetyl-CoA, seperately, citrate |
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Definition
| Two _________ enter the Krebs cycle _________. Acetyl group bonds to form _________. |
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Term
| CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 |
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Definition
| Two turns of the cycle (one for each acetyl coA group) produce: _________ _________ _________ _________ |
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Term
| 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, AND CO2 |
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Definition
| What are the final products of the Krebs cycle? |
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Term
| 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 4 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2 |
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Definition
| We get__ ATP and __ NADPH from glycolysis. We get __ ATP, __ NADH, and __ ADH from Krebs cycle. In total, we have __ ATP, __ NADH,and __ FADH2. |
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Term
| ETC, electron transfer chain. Inner mitochondrial membrane, two NADH |
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Definition
| The stage of aerobic respiration after the Krebs cycle (final stage) is __ __ __. It occurs in the __ membrane. __ Nadh formed from glycolysis give up e- and H+ to transport proteins, and eight nadh and two fadh2 are already in the inner membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ETC, cenzymes (NADH and FADH2) onate all __ and __ to transfer chain. Energy drives pumping of __ into the outer membrane compartment and creates _____ gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the ETC, H+ cannot cross __________ bilayer. It must flow through ATP __________. __________ Changes shape and phosphate is attached to ADP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Final electrons, in ETC, are donated to __________ which combines H+ with H20. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aerobic respiration requires __________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Summary of Energy Harvest: Glycolysis= __________, Krebs cycle and preparatory reactions = __________, electron transport chain = __________, which is a net of 36 ATP. |
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Term
| Oxygen, bacteria, ATP, fermentation. |
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Definition
| Anaerobic respiration doesn't use __________. Mainly __________ and protista use anaerobic respiration. It produces less __________ than aerobic pathways. It is a __________ pathway--it can result in alcohol and lactate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fermentation pathway begins with __________ and ends with it as well. Only __________ atp are yeilded, and the steps that follow this only serve to regeerate __________. |
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Term
| pyruvates, acetaldehyde, acetaldehyde. |
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Definition
| In alcoholic fermentation, glycolysis produces two __________. They are split and form __________ and two CO2. NADH+ changes __________ into ethanol. |
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Term
| CO2, alcohol, yeast, yeast. |
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Definition
| When yeast is made, __________ expands the dough and __________ evaporates.__________ uses sugar from grapes to ferment into wine...and when ethanol is 10% it kills the __________. |
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Term
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Definition
| In lactate fermentation glycolysis causes NADH to convert pyruvate to __________ |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ spoils and helps to produce milk, cheese etc |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ cures meat and pickles food. |
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Term
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Definition
| in humans this type of fermentation produces ATP and lactic acid in fasttwitch muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow twitch mucscles--long slow, aerobic, manymitochondria, and dark red (more myoglobin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fasttwitch muscles build this up in long slow exercise (anaerobic, few mitochondria, white (no myoglobin)) |
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Term
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Definition
| when you eat, the body secretes ___________ |
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Term
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Definition
| ___________ triggers the body to take up more glucose |
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Term
| glycogen (the liver and muscles store it) |
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Definition
| When you have too much glucose, the body converts it to ___________. |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain takes up ___________ of free glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you have too many carbs, ___________ is diverted rom Krebs cycle and attaches to carbs and becomes ___________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Too much glucose can end up as Pachonian Granulations |
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Term
| Glucagon and Triggers stored glycogen to convert back to glucose |
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Definition
| if short on glucose the liver secrets hormone __________________ |
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Term
| Triglycerides or fats, and converted to acetyl-CoA |
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Definition
| If glucose levels fall __________________ or __________________ are used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Triglyerides are stored in __________________ tissue |
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Term
| glycerol, fatty acid tail |
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Definition
| Enzymes cleae __________________ and ____________________________________ |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glyceral is converted to __________________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acid is converted to __________________ |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins are split into __________________ |
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Term
| ammonia forms, but our body can convert it to other energy! |
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Definition
| If you have too much protein |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ makes up 1 percent of total energy reserves |
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Term
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Definition
| Body fat makes up what percent of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ instructs cellular division |
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Term
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Definition
| ______- is nuclear division mechanism that occurs in somatic (body) cells.It increases in body size, replaces dead wornout cells and repairs tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear division mechanism that results in gamates or spores (sexual reproduction) |
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Term
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Definition
| number is diploid, with two of each type of chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| number is haploid with this type of cell, one of each chromosome type (sperm and egg) |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome and its copy still attached |
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