Term
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Definition
| any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant cultural norms in the society or group in which it occurs |
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| behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions |
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Definition
| a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people |
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Definition
| systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance |
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Definition
| the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons |
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Definition
| the proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals |
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| merton's strain theory of deviance |
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Definition
| deviance occurs when access to the approved means of reaching culturally approved goals is blocked. Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion may result |
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Term
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Definition
| accepts culturally approved goals; pursues them through culturally approved means |
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| accepts culturally approved goals; adopts disapproved means of achieving them |
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| abandons society's goals but continues to conform to approved means |
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Term
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Definition
| abandons both approved goals and the approved means to achieve them |
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Definition
| challenges both the approved goals and the approved means to achieve them but seeks to replace with alternate means and goals |
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Term
| illegitimate opportunity structures |
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Definition
| circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels |
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Definition
| devoted to theft, extortion, and other illegal means of securing an income |
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Definition
| seek to acquire a rep by fighting over turf and adopting a value system of toughness, courage and similar qualities |
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Term
| differential association theory: sutherland |
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Definition
| deviant behavior is learned in interaction with others. a person becomes delinquent when exposure to law-breaking attitudes is more extensive than exposure to law-abiding attitudes |
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Term
| rational choice theory of deviance |
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Definition
| the belief that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions |
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Term
| social bond theory: hirschi |
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Definition
| social bonds keep people from becoming criminals. when ties to family, friends, and other become weak, an individual is most likely to engage in criminal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| acts are deviant or criminal because they have been labeled as such. powerful groups often label less-powerful individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| the initial act of rule breaking |
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Term
| secondary deviance: lemert |
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Definition
| the process that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior |
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Term
| tertiary deviance: lemert |
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Definition
| deviance that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant |
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Term
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Definition
| actions - murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault - involving force or the threat of force against others |
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Term
| cloward/ohlin: opportunity theory |
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Definition
| lower class delinquents subscribe to middle class values but cannot attain them. as a result, they form gangs to gain social status and may achieve their goals through illegitimate means |
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| conflict perspective: critical approach to deviance |
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Definition
| the powerful use law and the criminal justice system to protect their own class interests |
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Term
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Definition
| crimes including burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft, and arson |
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Term
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Definition
| crimes that involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults |
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Term
| occupational/white collar crime |
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Definition
| illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs |
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Definition
| illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support |
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Definition
| a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit |
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Definition
| illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government or overthrow it |
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Term
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Definition
| the calculated unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective |
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Term
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Definition
| any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed |
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