he                                        - ado

has

ha                                        - ido

hemos

habeis

han

Used to express what has happened

used to express something that has just happened

ex. Acabo de recibir un mensaje de texto.

I've just recieved a text message.

abrir - abierto                                resolver - resuelto

cubrir - cubierto                             romper - roto

decir - dicho                                  ver - visto

descubrir - descubierto                   volver - vuelto

escribir - escrito                             hacer - hecho

morir - muerto                               poner - puesto

The past perfect

habia                 ( accents over all the i's)

habias             

habia                  Used to express what someone had done

habiamos            or what had occured before another

habiais                action or cond't in the past.

habian

+ past participle ( ado, ido)

Dimunitive

(used to make things smaller)

-ito/a                    ito/a(sometimes -illo/a) are

-illo/a                   used for word ending in vowels

-cito/a                  except - e.

-cillo/a

-ecito/a                 words that end in -e, -n, or -r use

- ecillo/a                -cito/a or -cillo/a.

                       One syllable words use -ecito/a or -ecillo/a

Augumentatives

(used to make things bigger)

-on                        Most words form the augmentative by

-ona                      simply adding the suffix to the word

-ote                    words that end in vowels- drop the vowel

-ota

-azo

-aza

AR/IR/ER (same endings) 

daria seria viviria

darias serias vivirias

daria seria viviria

dariamos seriamos viviriamos

darian serian vivirian

(accents over all the i's)

used to express what would occur under certain circumstances

caber - cabria, etc...

haber - habria, etc...

poder - podria, etc...

querer - querria, etc...

saber - sabria, etc...

poner - pondria, etc...

salir - saldria, etc...

tener - tendria, etc...

valer - valdria, etc...

venir - vendria, etc...

decir - diria, etc...

hacer - haria, etc...

AR/ER/IR

caminara perdiera viviera

caminaras perdieras vivieras

caminara perdiera viviera

caminaramos perdieramos vivieramos

caminaran perdieran vivieran

*Used in the same situations as the present subjunctive, except that the point of ref. is always in the past.

* Always follows the expression como si (as if)

Si clause: Main clause

Present indicative--> present indicative, future tense, ir a + [infinitive], or command

Past subjunctive--> Condictional

Imperfect--> Imperfect

haya                 + past participle (ado/ido endings)

hayas

haya

hayamos

hayan

*Used to refer to recently completed actions or past actions that still bear relevence in the present.

*As always with subjunctive sentence must express will, emotion, doubt, or uncertainty.

• Que - (that,which, who) most commonly used
• El/La que - after prepositions que+indef. article when referring to things, not people article may be omitted after short prepositions(en, de, con)
• El/La cual - interchangeable with que, used in formal speech
• Quien/Quienes - refer only to people,
• Cuyo - (whose) agrees with # and gender for the noun it precedes.

• Used to refer to concepts that have no gender
• lo + [masculine singular adj.] expresses gen. characteristics and abstract ideas.
• mas or menor can be added after lo to express most or least.
• lo + [adj. or adv.] + que = how + [adj.]
• Lo que = what, that, or which (abstract idea or previously mentioned situation or concept.