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CH 06 - Vocab
Definitions
34
Psychology
Graduate
10/27/2015

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Term
Aversive Stimuli
Definition
An event or stimulus that an organism escapes or avoids.
Term
Primary Aversive Stimuli
Definition
An aversive stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history.
Term
Conditioned Aversive Stimuli (sAVE)
Definition
An aversive stimulus based on a history of conditioning.
Term
Punishment
Definition
As a procedure, punishment involves following an operant with a punisher. Usually, the operant is maintained by positive reinforcement so that punishment is superimposed on a baseline of positive reinforcement.
It also refers to a decrease in operant behavior when followed by a punisher or when reinforcement is withdrawn contingent on responding.
Term
Punisher
Definition
A stimulus that decreases the frequency of an operant that produces it.
Term
Positive punishment
Definition
A procedure that involves the presentation of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response.
Term
Overcorrection
Definition
A positive punishment procedure that uses "restitution" to reduce or eliminate destructive or aggressive behavior. It may also involve positive practice.
Term
Negative punishment
Definition
A contingency that involves the removal of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response.
Term
Positive Practice
Definition
Requires the violator to intensively practice an overly correct form of action.
Term
Timeout from Positive Reinforcement
Definition
A negative punishment procedure in which the wrongdoer loses access to positive reinforcement for a specified period of time for engaging in the undesirable behavior.
Term
Relativity of Punishment
Definition
The Premack principle states that a lower-frequency operant will punish a higher-frequency behavior.
Term
Punishment Debate
Definition
This concerns the arguments and evidence for and against the use of punishment to control self-injurious and aggressive behavior in positive behavioral support programs.
Term
Permanence of Punishment
Definition
This refers to a debate as to whether punishment by itself, without additional procedures such as extinction or reinforcement of alternative behavior, can permanently eliminate undesirable behavior.
Term
Paradoxical Effects of Punishment
Definition
This refers to the evidence that response-produced shock resembles some of the effects of positive reinforcement (FI scalloping). However, the shocks do not actually function as a positive reinforcement.
Term
Escape
Definition
When operant behavior increases by removing an ongoing event or stimulus.
Term
Avoidance
Definition
When the operant increases by preventing the onset of the event or stimulus.
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
A contingency where an ongoing stimulus or event is removed (or prevented) by some response (operant) and the rate of response increases.
Escape and Avoidance both involve negative reinforcement.
Term
Negative Reinforcer
Definition
Any event or stimulus that increases the probability (rate of occurrence) of an operant that removes or prevents it.
Term
Timeout from Avoidance
Definition
Negative Reinforcement of behavior that terminates, prevents, or postpones the avoidance contingencies of work or life.
We value holidays, leaves of absence, and other periods that temporarily suspend or remove the everyday "shocks" and behavioral requirements that pervade our lives.
Term
Shock-Shock interval (S-S)
Definition
The scheduled time between shocks using an avoidance procedure. It is the time from one shock to the next if the avoidance response does not occur.
Term
Response-Shock Interval (R-S)
Definition
On an avoidance schedules, the time from a response that postpones a shock to the onset of the aversive stimulus, assuming that another response does not occur.
Term
Discriminated Avoidance
Definition
Avoidance behavior that is emitted to a warning stimulus.
Term
Nondiscriminated Avoidance
Definition
A procedure used to train avoidance responding in which no warning stimulus is presented.
Term
Sidman Avoidance
Definition
Another name for Nondiscriminated Avoidance
Term
Molecular Perspective
Definition
Focus on small moment-to-moment relationships between behavior and its consequences.
Term
Molar Perspective
Definition
Concerned with large-scale factors that regulate responding over a long period of time.
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
This involves exposing an animal to inescapable and severe aversive stimulation (shocks). Eventually the animal gives up and stops attempting to avoid or escape the situation.
Next, an escape response that under ordinary circumstances would be acquired easily is made available, but the animal does not make the response. The organism seems to give up and become helpless when presented with inescapable aversive stimulation.
Term
Reflexive Aggression
Definition
Aggression elicited by the presentation of an aversive stimulus or event.
Term
Operant Aggression
Definition
Aggressive behavior that is reinforced (increased) by the removal of an aversive event arranged by another member of the species.
Term
External Validity
Definition
The extent to which experimental findings generalize to other behaviors, settings, reinforcers, and populations - that is, whether the cause-and-effect relationship found in an experiment occurs at different times and places, when the original conditions are in effect.
Term
Social Disruption
Definition
A negative side effect of punishment in which the person who delivers punishment and the context become conditioned aversive stimuli.
Individuals will attempt to escape from or avoid the punishing person or setting.
Term
Coercion
Definition
"The use of punishment and the threat of punishment to get others to act as we would like, and to our practice of rewarding people just by letting them escape from our punishments and threats"
Involves the basic contingencies of punishment and negative reinforcement.
Term
Pain-elicited Aggression
Definition
Reflexive aggression is also called _____.
Term
Response Cost
Definition
A negative punishment procedure in which conditioned reinforcers (tokens) are removed contingent on behavior, and the behavior decreases.
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