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| the sperm from the male fertilizes the egg from the female |
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| when the egg matures and is released into the mothers fallopian tubes. occurs about halfway through the womans menstrual cycle |
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| once the zygote attaches to the wall of the uterus. lasts about 6 weeks. major internal and external organs are formed. |
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| the fluid filled reservoir in which the embryo will live until birth. acts as a cushion and temperature regulator. |
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| an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients from mother to embryo, and filters out the harmful materials. |
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| links the embryo to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus, |
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| called so after 9 weeks. defining characteristic is growth, starts to move |
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| substances that can harm the fetus. pollution, radiation, alcohol, drugs the mother may use |
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| decreased response to a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession. |
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| patterns of knowledge in long term memory that help them organize information |
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the use of already developed schemas to understand new information.
ex. kids know schemas for horses and they see a zebra a horse because it looks like one. |
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| learning new information and thus changing the schema. ex. a mother tells the kids that it is a zebra not a horse, so the kid makes a new schema |
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| a stage of Piaget's model of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, in which the baby perceives the environment though the senses and motor skills. |
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| the ability to be aware of an object's existence when it is not visible |
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| from about 2 to 7 years of age, children use language and begin to think more abstractly about objects, but their understanding is more intuitive and without much ability to think or reason. |
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| the ability to take another persons viewpoint |
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| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| between ages 7 and 11. children begin to use concepts of time, space and numbers more accurately, and are able to use deductive or reversible reasoning. |
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| the understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object. |
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| age 11 and up when children are able to think in abstract terms. |
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| a schema that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles. |
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| the strong need of an infant to be close to the primary caregiver. |
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| a measure of attachment in young children in which the childs behaviors are assessed in a situation in which the caregiver and a stranger move in and out of the environment. |
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| explores freely while the mother is present and engages with the stranger. the child may be upset to see the mother leave but is happy upon her return. |
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| wary about the situation in general, particularly the stranger, and stays close or even clings to the mother. when the mother leaves the child is extremely distressed |
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| will avoid or ignore the mother, showing little emotion when she departs or returns. |
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| no consistent way of coping with the stress of a strange situation. |
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| the innate personality characteristics of an infant |
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| longitudinal research design |
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Definition
| research in which individuals are studied over an extended period of time, often over multiple developmental stages. |
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| cross-sectional research design |
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| a research design in which comparisons are made between samples of people at different stages |
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| the ages between 18 and mid to late 20s when the adolescent is first becoming an adult. |
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| a developmental stage in adolescence in which hormonal changes create rapid physical changes in the body. |
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| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| the organs concerned with reproduction including the testicles and the penis in boys and the ovaries, uterus and vagina in girls. |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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| physical features that distinguish the two sexes from each other but that are not involved in reproduction. |
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| the milestone in puberty for girls when the get their first menstrual period. |
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| the part of the self-concept that is derived from one's group memberships |
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| in young children. until the age of 9, children focus on self interest. punishment is avoided and reward sought. |
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| in early adolescence, and most adults. want to please others and be accepted. people can value the good that can be derived from holding social norms in the form of laws or less formalized rules. |
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| postconventional morality |
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| many adults. individuals employ abstract reasoning to justify behaviors. |
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| parental behaviors that determine the nature of parent child interactions. |
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| demanding but not responsive. give rules and expect obedience. do not need any explanation. |
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| make few demands and give little punishment. responsive in the sense that they generally allow their children to make their own rules |
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| demanding but responsive to the needs and opinions of a child |
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| rejecting-neglecting parents |
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| undemanding and unresponsive |
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| when the menstrual cycle stops. usually around age 50 |
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| the culturally preferred "right time" for major life events, such as moving out of the house, getting married, and having children. |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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| a persons accumulated general knowledge about the world, including semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language. |
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| the ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly |
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| a progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities, which affect social and occupational functioning. |
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| a form of dementia that originates in the cerebral cortex and is ultimately fatal. |
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