brightfield (unstained specimen)

brightfield (stained specimen)

fluorescence

differential-interference-contrast (nomarski)

confocal

like phase contrast microscopy, it uses optical modifications to exaggerate differences in density

1. because resolution is inversely related to wavelength used, electron microscopes with shorter wavelengths than visble light have finer resolution.

2. theoretically, the resolution of a modern EM could reach 0.1 nm (nanometer) but the practical limit is closer to about 2nm.

_ are used mainly to study the internal ulrastructure of cells

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are useful for studying?

___ microscope reveal organelles, but they can only be used on dead cells and they may introduce some artifacts

1.plasma membrane

2.semifluid substance called the cytosol

3.chromosomes (carry genes)

4. Ribosomes (make proteins)

Differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

1. prokaryotic cells have no nucleus

2. in a prokaryotic cell, DNA is in an unbound region called the nucleoid

3. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles

4. eukaryotic cells have DNA in a nucleus that is bound by a membranous nuclear envelope

5. eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles

6.eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

7. the logistics of carrying out cellular metabolism sets limits on the size of cells

how do prokary

a _ cell has internal membranes that partition the cell into organelles

In a eukaryotic cell, the _ contains most of the DNA

in eukaryotic cells, the _ contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

nucleus

in eukaryotic cells, _ contain rRNA and protein

1. nuclear envelope

2.endoplasmic reticulum

3. golgi apparatus

4. lysosomes

5. vacuoles

6. plasma membrane

smooth ER

rough ER

what are the functions of smooth ER?

1.synthesizes lipids

2. metabolizes carbohydrates

3. stores calcium

4. detoxifies poison

what are the functions of rough ER?

1. has bound ribosomes

2. produces proteins and membranes, which are distributed by transport vesicles

3. is a membrane factory for the cell

modifies products of the ER

2. manufactures certain macromolecules

3.sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Whar can lysosomal enzymes do?

1.can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysccharides and nucleic acids 

2.use enzymes to recycle organelles and maromolecules

1. food vacuoles from phagocytosis fuse with lysosomes

2. contractile vacuoles found in freshwater protists pump excess water out of the cell

3. central vacuoles found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

intermembrane space and mitchondrial matrix

some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the?

thykaloids and stroma

1. mircotubules

2.marofilaments

3. intermediate filaments

cytoskeleton

inside the cellm vesicles can travel along "monorails" provided by the _

1.shaping the cell

2. guiding movement of organelles

3. separating chromosome during cell division

1.hollow tubes

2. wall consists of 12 columns of tubulin molecules

1.maintainance of cell shape (tension bearing elements)

2.changes in cell shape

3.muscle contraction

4.cytoplasmic streaming

5.cell motility (as in pseudopodia)

6.cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

one of several difference proteins of the keratin family, depending on cell type

1.maintenance of cell shape (tension bearing elements)

2. anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles

3. formation of nuclear lamina

centrosome

parallel

1. a core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane

2. a basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum

3. a motor protein called dynein, which drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum

1.dynein arms alernately grab, movem and release the outer micrtubles

2. protein cross-links limit sliding

3.forces exerted by dynein arms cause doublets to curve, bending the cilium or flagellum

1. this creates a circular flow of cytoplasm in the cell

2. this speeds the distribution of materials within the cell

1. cell walls of plants

2. the extracellular matrix (ECM) of animals

3. intercellular junctions

cell wall

1. primary cell wall

2.middle lamella

2.secondary cell wall

extracellular matrix (ECM)

support

adhesion

movement

regulation

neighboring cells in tissues, organs, or organ systems adhere, interact and communicate through direct physical contact. What facilitates this contact?

a macrophage's ability to destroy bacteria involves the whole cell, coordinating components such as the cytoskeleton, lysomes and plasma membrance. this is an example of?

how cells rely on the integration of structures and organelles in order to function

(cyctoskeleton, lysosomes and plasma membrane work together so that marophage can destroy bacteria)