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CH 6
control problems
25
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/12/2011

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Cards

Term
features of between subjects design
Definition
-each level of IV contains a different subject group
-equivalent groups
-necessary when the IV is a subject variable OR Ss need to be naive
eg eyewitness memory study
Term
advantages of between subject design
Definition
subjects remain naive to conditions
Term
disadvantages of between subjects design
Definition
-more Ss needed
-expensive
-differences could be due to the IV, chance, or group differences
Term
disadvantages of between subjects design
Definition
-more Ss needed
-expensive
-differences could be due to the IV, chance, or group differences
Term
methods for creating equivalent groups (3)
Definition
1. random assignment 2. block randomization (ensures each condition of the study has a subject randomly assigned to it before any condition has a subject assigned to it again) 3. matching
Term
random assignment features
Definition
-equal chance of being placed in any group of a study
-equally spreads out potential confounds
Term
within subjects design block randomization features**
Definition

-ensures each condition is expressed before repeating -each block contains N groups, order in each block randomized, then assign Ps randomly to each block -eg CBA, BCA, ABC, ACB

(equal numbers in each group)

Term
matching features
Definition
-deliberate control over potential confound
-Ps grouped together on a trait, then distributed randomly to different conditions
USED ONLY WHEN
-small number of S
-matching V correlates with DV (predictable effect on study outcome)
-measuring matching V is feasible
Term
features of within subjects (repeated measures) design
Definition
-each participant is exposed to every level of IV
Term
advantages of within subjects design
Definition
-fewer Ps required (good for small pops)
-eliminates individual differences from analysis (effect is only due to chance + systematic diffs)
Term
disadvantages of within subjects design
Definition
-sequence effects (experience influences performance)
Term
types of sequence effects (2)
Definition
1. progressive effect
2. carryover effect
Term
def: progressive effect
Definition
performance changes steadily from trial to trial
-practice/fatigue effect
Term
def: carryover effect + eg
Definition
systematic changes in performance occur as a result of performing one sequence of conditions rather than a different sequence
-eg hard task --> easy task = frustration, decreased performance
easy task --> hard task = confidence, increased performance
Term
types of counterbalancing if testing once per condition (2)
Definition
1. complete counterbalancing
2. partial counterbalancing
Term
complete counterbalancing
Definition
-every possible sequence used at least once (N!),
eg (AB)(BA)
Term
partial counterbalancing
Definition
-random sample from all possible sequences
eg latin square
-every condition of the study occurs equally often in every sequential position
-each condition precedes and follows every other condition only once
Term
types of counterbalancing if testing more than once per condition (2)
Definition
1. reverse counterbalancing
2. block randomization
Term
reverse counterbalancing
Definition
-within subjects - present conditions in one order, and then again in reverse order
eg ABBA
Term
block randomization in within subjs
Definition
- assignment technique when Ps are tested in each condition more than once, they experience each condition once before experiencing any condition again
Term
cross sectional design adv/disadv
Definition
+ less time
- cohort effects (environments in which they were raised)
Term
longitudinal design adv/disadv
Definition
+ no cohort effects
- attrition
Term
cohort sequential design features
Definition
-combines longitudinal and cross sectional
-group selected and retested, new cohorts selected and retested every few years as well
Term
experimenter bias + how to control
Definition
-experimenter expectations influence subjects beh
-control by: automating, double blind
Term
participant bias + how to control
Definition
-demand characteristics - cues give away the purpose of the study, Ps try to be "good subjects"
-control by: effective deception (placebo)
-manipulation checks
-field research
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