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Definition
| the process by which people act toward or respond to other people; the foundation for all relationships and groups in society |
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| the complex framework of societal institutions (i.e. economy, politics, religion) and the social practices that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior |
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| a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights and duties |
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| the state of being part insider and part outsider to the social structure |
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| a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender |
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| a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort |
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| the most important status a person occupies |
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| a material sign that informs others of a person's specific status |
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| a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status |
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| a group's or society's definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played |
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| how a person actually plays a role |
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| a situation in which incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time |
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| a condition that occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies |
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| a situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity |
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| a group that consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence |
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Cooley
a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time |
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Definition
| a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time |
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Definition
| a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals |
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| a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet is basic social needs |
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Durkheim
social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds |
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Durkheim
social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence |
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Tonnies
a traditional society in which relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability |
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Definition
| a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values |
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Term
| social construction of reality |
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Definition
| the process by which our perception of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience |
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Definition
| the situation in which a false belief or prediction produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true |
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| the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves |
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Goffman
the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation |
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Goffman
efforts to present oneself to others in ways taht are most favorable to their own interests or image |
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Definition
| the transfer of information between persons without the use of words |
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