OM NOM NOM

Hereditary - thrifty phenotypes

Sedentary Lifestyle

Eating Shit - high calorie/fat foods

Heterotrophs - depend on autotrophs (in)directly

Autotrophs - Photosynthesize

measured in kCal

acquired from fats, carbs, and proteins

energy required for resting functions in animals

(1,300 to 1,800 in humans)

food --> molecules

proteins must be broken down to be absorbed

must be ingested via:

milk

eggs

proteins

soybeans

complimentary diet (corn, rice, wheat)

beans or peas

vitamin B12

macronutrients (calcium)

micronutrients (iron)

13

some are water soluble, others fat soluble

cannot be synthesized by the body

usually function as enzymes

malnutrition

deficiency disease - chronic malnutrition

Malnutrition

 Deficiency disease 

ingest AND absorb

saprobes

detritovers

predators

herbivores

carnivores

omnivores

filter feeders

low in energy 

hard to digest

detect, capture, and KILL

toxins!

enamel

dentine

pulp cavity

outer cover

calcium phosphate

body material of teeeef

crown and root

blood vessels & nerves

dentine production cells

canines

incisors

molars

FIERCE

stab, grip, rip

Molars

(premolars)

break down food

mechanically increase surface area

lipase

protease

peptidase

nuclease

carbohydrates

Tubular guts

mouth

anus

stomach/crop (gizzard - rocks!)

intestine

rectum

concentric arrangement of tissues

four sphincters - cardiac, pyloric, ileocaecal, anal

peristalsis - moves bolus

Pepsin - protein digestion

HCl - immunity

Mucus - protective lining of the stomach

Chyme - mixture of gunk that leaves stomach

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

primary function : nutrient absorption

produced in liver

stored in gallbladder

emulsifier - breaks down fats

enters through duodenum

nutrients in blood go the liver

nutrients are stored ORRR

converted into what the body needs

also enters duodenum

are released from the pancreas

protease - breaks down amino acids

breaks down dairy

stop producing it after infancy

don't consume dairy = lose weight!

food has been left in colon for too long

becomes dried out

caused by dehydration

YOU SHOULD POOP 3 TIMES A DAY

food hasn't been in large intestine long enough

hasn't absorbed enough liquid

results in dehydration

found in plant cell walls

herbivores rely on bacteria to digest it

four chambered stomachs

dead end of small intestine

feed on eucalyptus trees

highly developed cecum

tightly coiled, looks like a snail

Nutrient Flow Regulation  

Reflexes

salivation

defecation = full stomach

secretin (duodenum) communicates with pancreas

gastrin (stomach) communicates with stomach

eat it, when will you see it again?

measure of how long your digestive system takes

High-density lipoproteins

HDL

good :)

takes cholesterol from tissues to liver

used to synthesize bile

Low-density lipoproteins 

LDL

bad >:(

takes cholesterol around the body 

biosynthesis and storage

leads to cardiovascular disease

Very low-density lipoproteins

VLDL

suuuuper bad !

takes fat cells in adipose tissues around the body 

float around bloodstream

make your blood fat and yucky

takes glucose from the blood

makes it acceptable for use in body

takes glycogen from liver to release glucose into blood

NERVOUS SYSTEM NEEEEEDS IT

(brain food)

calories out > calories in = weight loss? not always.

hypothalamus

leptin

produces feelings of hunger and satiety

"set point" - amount of food you're used to

set point can be changed

drink before your meal - fills you up

you'll eat less food

protein hormone

tells brain how much fat reserve is present 

missing receptors/lack of leptin = obesity