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Definition
| detect physical energy from environment and convert it into neural signals |
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| organize and interpret sensations |
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Definition
| relationship between physical and psychological characters of stimuli and our psychological experience of them |
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| Physical vs Psychological example |
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Definition
| light=brightness; sound=volume; pressure=weight; sugar=sweet |
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Definition
| detection of weak signals among noise; assume no single absolute threshold; depends on experience, expectations, motivation and fatigue |
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Definition
| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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Definition
| minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
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Definition
| minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time |
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Definition
| transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses |
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Term
| How much can humans see on the Electromagnetic Scale? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hole in center that allows light to enter |
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Definition
| muscles that expands/contracts to change size of pupil |
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Definition
| transparent tissue where light enters eye |
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Definition
| focuses light ray on retina |
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Term
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Definition
| contains sensory receptors that process visual information and send it to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
Ganglion cell- last
Bipolar cell
Rods & Cones- first |
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Term
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Definition
| little spacial detail, operate in low light, maximum 500 nm (green/blue) |
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Definition
| high spacial detail, operate in bright light, respond to color (red/yellow) |
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Term
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Definition
| during day cones take over; during night rods take over |
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Definition
| point of central focus; all cones, no rods |
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Term
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Definition
| where optic nerve leaves the eye; brain fills in what the eye can't see |
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Term
| How does info travel from the optic nerve? |
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Definition
| optic nerve; thalamus; superior colliculus; visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| bipolar recieve messages from rods&cones and transmit them to ganglion which feeds into optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 types of cones in retina; cannot explain afterimages of complementary colors; explains colorblindness |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 primary pigments are mixed, all wavelengths occus and we see black |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 primary lights are mixed, wavelengths are added and we see white |
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Term
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Definition
| we process four primary colors in pairs: red-green, blue-yellow (and black-white) |
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Term
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Definition
| "The world as we know it is a construction, a finished product, almost- one might say- a manufactured article, to which the mind contributes as much as its moulding forms as the thing contributes by its stimuli." |
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Term
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Definition
P= "top down" theory testing: controlled by beliefs and expectations of world
S= "bottom up" date assembly: controlled by physical messages delivered to senses |
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Term
| Gesault Principles of ORganization |
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Definition
| "The whole is more than the sum of the parts."; perception does not = reality |
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Term
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Definition
| elements close in space are grouped |
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Term
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Definition
| similar objects tend to be grouped |
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Term
| Color, Size & Orientation |
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Definition
| grouped by color, size and orientation |
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Definition
| objects arranges in a straight or curved line tend to be grouped |
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Definition
| open curves tend to be perceived as complete |
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Definition
| elements moving in a common direction at a common speed are grouped |
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| Common Region & Connectedness |
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Definition
| connected by lines or circled together |
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Term
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Definition
| perceiving motion when there isn't any because images are always moving on retina even if objects are still |
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Definition
| appears to move because another object is moving |
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Term
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Definition
| stable light in a completely dark room appears to be moving in all directions |
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Term
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Definition
| moving stripes are viewed before a stable image, the image appears to move in the opposite direction |
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Term
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Definition
| accomodation and convergence provide depth cues through feedback from the muscles that control the lens and the convergence angle |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on both eyes; retinas in our eyes receive different images |
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Definition
| require input form only one eye; "pictorial cues"; inclues interposition, linear perpective, relative size, height in plane, texture gradient, shading, motion parallax |
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Definition
| a near object blocks the view of a more distant one |
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Definition
| parallel lines recede into the depth converge to a point n an image |
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Definition
| smaller objects are perceived as being farther away |
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Definition
| objects that are higher in the plane are perceived as farther away |
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Definition
| parts of a texture's surface become smaller and more densely packed as they recede in depth |
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Definition
| Regions with shadows at the bottom are perceived as elevated, at the top are perceived as depressed |
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Term
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Definition
| as we move, stable objects appear to move relative to us |
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