Term
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Definition
active regulation of osmotic pressure of body fluids
-maintains fluid and electrolyte homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| process of ridding body of metabolic wastes |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of nitrogenous wastes? |
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Definition
| nitric acid (toxic), urea (less toxic), and uric acid (less toxic) |
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Term
| What types of animals excrete ammonia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of nitrogenous waste requires energy for its synthesis and requires water for its excretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of nitrogenous waste is excreted as a semisolid paste and conserves water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are osmoconformers and what types of animals are osmoconformers? |
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Definition
-animals whose salt concentration in bodily fluids varies with changes in the sea water
-most marine invertebrates |
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Term
| What are osmoregulators and what types of animals are osmoregulators? |
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Definition
-animals who maintain optimal salt concentration despite changes in salinity of surroundings
-some marine invertebrates (especially in coastal habitats) |
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Term
| What is the function of nephridial organs? |
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Definition
| -to help maintain homeostasis by regulating concentration of body fluids, osmoregulation, & excretion of metabolic wastes |
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Term
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Definition
-a nephridia tubule with no internal openings
-found in flatworms and nemerteans
-interstitial fluid enters blind ends into flame cells (cells with bundles of cilia)
-cilia propel fluid through the tubules
-excess fluid exits through nephridiopores |
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Term
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Definition
-a nephridian tubules open at both ends
-in most annelids and mollusks
-fluid from coelom moves through tubules and needed materials are reabsorbed by capillaries
-urine exits body through nephridiopores which contains wastes (pee and poop mixed together) |
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Term
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Definition
-extensions of insect gut wall (blind ends lie in hemocoel)
-tubulec ells actively transport uric acid from hemolymph into tubule (water follows by diffusion)
-contents of the tubule pass into the gut
water & some solutes are reabsorbed in the rectum
-effectively conserve water (which contributes to the success of insects as terrestrial animals) |
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Term
| What is the function of the vertebrate kidney? |
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Definition
-excretes nitrogenous wastes
-helps maintain fluid balance by adjusting salt and water content of urine
-is adapted to various osmotic challenges of different habitats |
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Term
| What is the principle excretory system in mammals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the structure that urine passes through in the body |
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Definition
-produces in the kidneys
-passes through ureters
-passed from ureters to urinary bladder for storage
-released from the body through the urethra |
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Term
| How do freshwater fishes take in water? |
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Definition
| -osmotically & excrete large volume of hypotonic urine |
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Term
| How do marine bony fishes osmoregulate? |
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Definition
-lose water osmotically
-compensate by drinking sea water and excreting salt through their gills
-produce only a small volume of isotonic urine |
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Term
| How do sharks and other marine cartilaginous fishes osmoregulate? |
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Definition
-retain large amounts of urea which allows them to take in water osmotically through their gills
-excrete large volume of hypotonic urine |
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Term
| How do marine mammals osmoregulate? |
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Definition
-ingest sea water with their food
-produce concentrated urine |
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Term
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Definition
| -outer portion of the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
-inner portion of kidney
-contains 8-10 renal pyramids |
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Term
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Definition
| tip of each renal pyramid |
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Term
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Definition
| funnel-shaped chamber in which urine flows from the collecting ducts into the renal papilla |
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Term
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Definition
-functional units of kidney
-each kidney has more than 1 million |
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Term
| What does each nephron consist of? |
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Definition
-a cluster of capillaries (glomerulus)
-surrounded by a bowman's capsule
-that opens into a long, coiled renal tubule |
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Term
| What does a renal tubule consist of? |
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Definition
-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of Henle
-distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of nephrons in the kidney? |
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Definition
-cortical nephrons
-juxtamedullary nephrons |
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Term
| What are cortical nephrons? |
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Definition
-nephrons located mostly within the cortex or outer medulla
-have small glomeruli |
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Term
| What are juxtamedullary nephrons? |
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Definition
-nephrons that extend deep into the medulla
-have large glomeruli and long loops of Henle
-important in concentrating urine |
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Term
| How does blood flow in the kidney? |
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Definition
-from small branches of renal artery
-to afferent arterioles
-to glomerular capillaries
-to an efferent arteriole |
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Term
| What does an efferent arteriole do? |
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Definition
| -delivers blood into peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubule |
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Term
| Through what does blood leave the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| In urine production, what is filtered? |
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Definition
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Term
| In urine production, what is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| In urine production, what is secreted? |
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Definition
| potassium and hydrogen ions into renal tubule |
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Term
| In filtration, what does plasma filter through? |
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Definition
| -glomerular capillaries into bowman's capsule |
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Term
| What is the filtration membrane? |
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Definition
-permeable walls of capillaries
-filtration slits between podocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-specialized epithelial cells
-make up inner wall of Bowman's capsule |
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Term
| Is filtration nonselective or selective? |
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Definition
-nonselective
-small molecules (glucose, other needed materials, metabolic waste) become part of the filtrate |
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Term
| How much of the filtration ins reabsorbed from renal tubules into the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is reabsorption a highly selective process? |
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Definition
-returns usable materials to blood
-leaves wastes, excess substances to be excreted in urine |
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Term
| tubular transport maximum (Tm) |
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Definition
| -maximum rate at which a substance can be reabsorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| -hydrogen ions, certain other ions, and some drugs are actively transported into the renal tubule to become part of the urine |
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Term
| What does urine concentration depend on? |
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Definition
| -high concentration of salt and urea in interstitial fluid of kidney medulla |
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Term
| Where is salt concentration the highest? |
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Definition
around the bottom of the loop of Henle
-maintained by salt reabsorption from various parts of renal tubule |
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Term
| How is the concentration gradient for urine a counterflow of fluid through the 2 limbs of the loop of Henle? |
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Definition
-concentrates filtrate moving down descending loop
-dilutes filtrate moving up ascending loop |
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Term
| How is water drawn from the filtrate? |
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Definition
| -by osmosis as it passes through collecting ducts, concentrating urine in the collecting ducts |
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Term
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Definition
-system of capillaries extending from efferent arterioles
-removes some water that diffuses from filtrate into interstitial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| -a water solution of nitrogenous wastes, excess salts, and other substances not needed by the body |
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Term
| How is fluid and electrolyte regulated by hormones? |
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Definition
| by ADH and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone pathway |
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Term
| When does the posterior pituitary increase ADH release? |
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Definition
-when body needs to conserve water
-responds to an increase in osmotic concentration of blood (caused by dehydration) |
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Term
| What role does ADH play in fluid balance? |
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Definition
-ADH increases the permeability of collecting ducts to water
-so, more water is reabsorbed and a small volume of urine is produced |
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Term
| When does the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin? |
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Definition
| -when blood pressure decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| -an enzyme that activates the pathway to production of angiotensin II |
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Term
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Definition
-a hormone that constricts arterioles (which raises blood pressure)
-also stimulates aldosterone release |
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Term
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Definition
| -a hormone that increase sodium reabsorption (which raises blood pressure) |
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Term
| How do the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway and atrial natriuretic peptide work together? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do when blood pressure increases? |
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Definition
-increases sodium excretion, inhibits aldosterone secretion
-increases urine output, lowers blood pressure |
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