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| Activation-synthesis theory |
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Definition
| theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which is the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story |
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| fast, short waves during calm wakefulness |
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| term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness |
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| cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24 hour basis in many biological processes |
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| our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives (altered states inlcude sleeping, hallucinations, hypnosis) |
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| feeling of reliving an experience that's new |
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| (stage 3/most of stage 4 of deep sleep) The brain waves moves slow at about 1 or 2 cycles a second |
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| sedative-hypnotics, alcohol is an example. depress the effects of the central nervous system |
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| approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated |
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| electroencephalography. recording of brain's electrical activity at the surface of the skull |
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Definition
stage 1: theta waves of 4-7 cycles a second
stage 2: Slower brain waves mixed w/ sleep spindles (sudden bursts of activity) & Kcomplexes (rise.fall waves)
Stage 3/4:delta waves, SLOW with more in stage4
Stage5: REM sleep, brian goes into high gear, many cycles per second |
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| causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought |
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| set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
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| difficulty falling and staying asleep |
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| Latent Content & Manifest |
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| PArt of Freud's theory of dreams, manifest is the actual content of the dream, and latent is the hidden, underlying wish of what you'd like to happen in wish fulfillment |
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| experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming |
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| set of ritualized practices that train attention and awareness |
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| feelings of unity or oneness with the world |
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| disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep |
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| drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep |
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| Near-Death Experience (NDE) |
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Definition
| out-of-body experiences reported by people who've nearly did or thought they were going to die |
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| sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to deep sleep |
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| stages one through four of the sleep cycle, during which eye movements do NOT occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid |
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| chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons |
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| Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep |
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| Stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs. (Eye movements happen here, stage 5) |
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| urge to move our legs or other body parts, often while attempting to sleep |
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| sociocognitive (attitudes and beliefs are shape hypnosis) and dissociation (hilgard) theory (division of consciousness, with the hidden observer) |
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| drug that exerts a calming effect |
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| disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue |
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| state of being unable to move just after falling asleep or richt before waking up |
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| sudden bursts of electrical activity, 12-14 cycles a second. occurs in stage 2 |
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| Sleepwalking, walking while fully asleep |
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| approach to hypnosis based on people's attitudes, beliefs, and expectation |
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| drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure |
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| reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect |
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| Myths: 1/ hypnosis produces a trance in which amazing things happen 2/ hypnotic phenomena are unique 3/ hypnosis is a sleep like state 4/ hypnotized people are aware of their surroundings 5/ hyp. pple forget what happened during hypnosis 6/ hypnosis improves memory |
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| internal processes of which we're unaware |
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| unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually |
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| lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change of 50 percent of the time |
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| changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far |
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| membrane supporting the organ of Corti and hair cells in the cochlea |
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| stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes |
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| part of the visual field we can't see because of an absence of rods and cones |
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| intensity of reflected light that reaches our eyes |
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| bony, spiral-shaped sense organ used for hearing |
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| part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina |
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| color deficiency (blindness) |
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| inability to see some or all colors |
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| receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in color |
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| ability to judge distance and three-dimensional relations |
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| (ESP) perception of events outside the known channels of sensation |
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| central portion of the retina |
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| Just noticeable difference (JND) (Webers Law) |
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| the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect |
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| part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus |
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| stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye (examples include overlapping, texture, height of plane, linear perspective, relative size, and light/shadow |
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| tissue containing the hair cells necessary for hearing |
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| the brain's interpretation of raw sensory inputs |
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| the process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions |
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| pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb |
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| odorless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species |
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| our sense of body position |
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| membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity |
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| receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light |
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| process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others |
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| three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance |
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| detection of physical energy by sense organs, which then send information to the brain |
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| specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system |
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| our sense of touch, temperature and pain |
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| sense receptors in the tongue that respond to sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and perhaps fat |
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| complexity or quality of sound that make musical instruments, human voices, or other sources osund unique |
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| the process of converting an external energy or substance into neural activity |
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| idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three different colors (red, yellow, green) |
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| our sense of equilibrium or balance |
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| part of stage one sleep, waves are cycled at 4-7 times a second |
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