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| California State University, Fullerton researcher who created face-negotiation theory |
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| The projected image of one’s self in a relational situation |
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| Specific verbal and nonverbal messages that help to maintain and restore face loss, and to uphold and hold face gain. |
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| Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson |
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| Cambridge University linguists who define face as the public self-image that every member of society wants to claim for himself or herself. |
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| University of Illinois psychologist who distinguishes between collectivism and individualism. |
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| Wherein people identify with a larger group that is responsible for providing care in exchange for group loyalty; we-identity; a high-context culture |
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| Wherein people look out for themselves and their immediate families; I-identity; a low-context culture |
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| Self-image; the degree to which people conceive of themselves as relatively autonomous from, or connected to, others. |
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| Taiwanese scholar who calls face a psychological image that can be granted and lost, and fought for and presented as a gift. |
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| Regard for self-face, other face, or mutual face |
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| The self-concerned facework strategy used to preserve autonomy and defend against loss of personal freedom |
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| The other-concerned facework strategy used to defend and support another person’s need for inclusion |
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| Responding to conflict by withdrawing from open discussion |
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| Accommodating or giving into the wishes of the other in a conflict situation |
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| Conflict management by negotiation or bargaining; seeking a middle way |
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| competing to win when peoples interests conflict |
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| problem solving through open discussion;collaboration a win-win resolution of conflict |
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| Managing conflict by disclosure of venting of feelings |
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| Making indirect accusations, showing resentment, procrastination, and other behaviors aimed at thwarting another’s resolution of conflict |
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| A method of conflict management whereby disputing parties seek the aid of a mediator, arbitrator, or respected neutral third party to help them resolve their differences |
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| A recognition that things are not always what they seem and therefore seeking multiple perspectives in conflict situations |
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