Term
| What are the 4 primary tissue types? |
|
Definition
| epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural |
|
|
Term
| Why are glands included in epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
| Because glands are secretory structures derived from epithelia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sheet of cells that covers an exposed surface or lines and internal cavity or passageway |
|
|
Term
| What are the important characteristics of epithelia? |
|
Definition
cellularity-many cell junctions, little intercellular space
polarity-uneven distribution of organelles and other cytoplasmic components between exposed and attached surfaces
attachment-basal surface attached to basal lamina
avascularity-no blood vessels, obtain nutrients by diffusion or absorption
arranged in sheets or layers
regernation-damaged/lost cells continually replaced by stem cell division |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 main functions of epithelia? |
|
Definition
-provide physical protection
-control permeability
-provide sensation--neuroepithelium is specialized sensory epithelium
-produce specialized secretions |
|
|
Term
| What are some specialization of epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
-production of secretions
-movement of fluids over epithelial surface
-movement of fluids through epithelial itself |
|
|
Term
| How is epithelia classified? |
|
Definition
| by shape of cells at exposed surface and number of cell layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simply squamous epithelium that lines the ventral body cavities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium lining the heart and all the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Where is simple epithelium found and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
-found only in protected areas of the body such as linings of internal compartments and papssageways
-purpose is for quicker secretion absorption and filtration on regions such as intestines and lungs |
|
|
Term
| Where is stratified epithelium and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
found in areas subject ot mechanical or chemical stresses, such as surface of skin and lining of mouth
-make it think and sturdy to resist these stresses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin, flat, and egg-shaped cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the most delicate type of epithelium in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells would you most likely find lining the ventral body cavities, lining the heart and blood vessels, portions of the kidney tubules, and alveoli of the lungs and what are their function? |
|
Definition
simple squamous
-they reduce friction, control vessel permeability, perform absorption/secretion |
|
|
Term
| What cells would you find on the surface of the skin, lining the mouth, through esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina and what are the functions of these cell? |
|
Definition
-stratified squamous
-provide physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack |
|
|
Term
| What cells would you find lining glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubule, and thyroid gland? What are the functions of these cells? |
|
Definition
-simple cuboidal
-limited protection, secretion/absorption |
|
|
Term
| What cells would you find lining some ducts such as sweat glands, although rare? What are the functions of these cells? |
|
Definition
-stratified cuboidal
-protection, secretion, absorption |
|
|
Term
| What cells would you find lining the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collection ducts of kidneys? What are these cells' functions? |
|
Definition
-simple columnar
-protection, secretion, absorption |
|
|
Term
| What cells would you find lining small areas of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts and urethra? Functions of these cells? |
|
Definition
-stratified columnar
-protection |
|
|
Term
| Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelia typically found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are transitional epithelia found? what is unique about this type of epithelia? |
|
Definition
urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis
can stretch |
|
|
Term
| Exocrine glands vs. endocrine glands |
|
Definition
| exocrine glands secrete mucins, enzymes, water, and waste onto surfaces of gland cells via a duct, while endocrine glands are ductless and release secretions such as hormones directly into interstitial fluids, lymph, or blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of exocrine glands? |
|
Definition
serous
mucous
mixed exocrine |
|
|
Term
| What do unicellular exocrine glands secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of unicellular glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the simplest multicellular exocrine gland called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 components of a multicellular exocrine gland? |
|
Definition
-glandular portion producing secretion
-duct carrying secretion to epithelial surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secretion released through exocytosis
Ex. goblet cells releasing mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secretion involving loss of cytoplasm with secretion
Ex. milk from mammary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secretion that destroys the gland cell
Ex. sebaceous glands of hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 basic components of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
1) specialized cells
2) extracellular protein fibers
3) ground substance |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 categories of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
connective tissue proper
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 division of connective tissue proper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue proper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue proper? |
|
Definition
dense regular (tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, & elastic tissue)
dense irregular (dermis)
elastic |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of fluid connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of supporting connective tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of fibers found in connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long, straight, unbranched
most common and strongest
tendons and ligaments consist almost entirely of collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thinner, branching, tough but flexible
create 3D stroma to support organs such as spleen and liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branching and wavy, very flexible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first connective tissue to appear in developing embryos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small chambers that chondrocytes live in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous layer that sets cartilage apart from surrounding tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common type of cartilage
weakest type
between tips of ribs and bones of sternum
reduces friction between bony surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
resilient and flexible
forms external flap of ear, epiglottic, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has little ground substance
may lack perichondrium
matrix dominated by collagen fibers
lie in areas of high stress such as between spinal vertebrae, pubic bones, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic extensions in bones that allow for communication between osteocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compact (contains blood vessels)
spongy (no blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sheath covering all bone surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
combination of epithelia and connective tissue
cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial |
|
|
Term
| Where are mucous membranes? |
|
Definition
| passageways that communicate with the exterior |
|
|
Term
| Where are serous membranes? |
|
Definition
| lining subdivision of the ventral body cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of serous membranes? |
|
Definition
pleura
peritoneum
pericardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid formed on surfaces of a serous membrane |
|
|
Term
| Where are cutaneous membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the synovial membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major layer components for connective tissue? |
|
Definition
superficial fascia (subcutaneous)
deep fascia
subserous fascia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasm of a muscle cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasmalemma of a muscle cell |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of muscle tissue: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long and slender
multinucleate
incapable of dividing
actin & myosin-->striations
voluntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intercalated discs
1 nucleus
branching network
incapable of dividing
involuntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small cell with pointy ends
single nucleus
can divide
nonstriated
involuntary |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of neural tissue? |
|
Definition
| the conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of nervous tissue cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the longest cells in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of a neuron? |
|
Definition
| cell body (w/single nucleus), dendrites (receive incoming messages), and axon (conduct outgoing messages) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 derivatives of primary germ layers? |
|
Definition
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm |
|
|
Term
| What does ectoderm differentiate in to? |
|
Definition
| neural tissue & epithelia and glands |
|
|
Term
| What does mesoderm differentiate in to? |
|
Definition
epithelia and glands
connective tissue
muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
| What does endoderm differentiate in to? |
|
Definition
| epithelia and glands on the inner portion of the body |
|
|
