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| a compound containing a carbon |
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carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
hege on the molecular scale |
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| The number of covalent bonds it can form, generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell of an atom |
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| organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen |
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| 7 chemical groups which participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl |
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| adenosine triphosphate 3.1 |
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Definition
| ATP: important inreacting with water to release energy |
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| a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
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| the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer |
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| specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions |
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| dehydration (synthesis) reaction 3.2 |
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Definition
| Monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule |
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| Sugars and polymers of sugars. monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
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| generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CHv2O |
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| two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction) |
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| a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
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| macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. Some serve as storage material to provide sugar for cells, others are building material for structures that protect the cell or organism |
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| a polymer of glucose monomers. Starch represents stored energy |
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| polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched. Stored in liver and muscle cells |
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| major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells |
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| carbohydrate used by arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans) to build exoskeletons. Also found in fungi to build cell walls |
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| Mix poorly with water, large biological molecules that does not include true polymers,waxes, pigments, fats, phospholipids, steroids |
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Definition
| large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reactions of glycerol and fatty acids. |
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| has a long carbon skeleton,usually 16 or 18 in length |
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| three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
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| no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton. |
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| unsaturated fatty acid 3.4 |
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Definition
| one or more double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon |
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| essential for cells because they are major constituents of cell membranes. The two ends exhibit different behavior toward water. |
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| lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. |
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| crucial steroid, common component of animal cell membranes and the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized like estrogen and testosterone |
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| chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction |
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| polymers of amino acids that make up proteins |
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| a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure |
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Definition
| an organic molecule with both an amino group and carboxyl group. 20 amino acids make make polypepties |
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Definition
| A covalent bond that results when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other and they are joined by a dehydration reaction with the removal of a water molecule |
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| primary structure fig. 3.21 p.56 |
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Definition
| the sequence of amino acids |
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Definition
hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents create secondary structure
a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid |
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Definition
| two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments. The core of many globular proteins |
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| the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (Rgroups) of the various amino acids. |
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| hydrophobic interaction 3.5 p.57 |
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Definition
| As a polypeptide folds into its functions shape, amino acids with hydrophobic (nonpolar) side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with water |
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| disulfide bridges 3.5 fig.3.5 |
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Definition
| Covalent bonds that form where tow cysteine monomers, which have sulfide groups (-SH) on their side chains, are brought close together by the folding of the protein. The surlurs bond |
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| the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional macromolecule |
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| sickle-cell disease 3.5 p.58 |
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Definition
| infuriated blood disorder caused by substitution of one amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid)in the primary structure of hemoglobin. The abnormal hemoglobin crystallizes, deforming the cells into a sickle shape |
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Definition
| Process of unraveling a protein, caused by an altered environment like pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of environment. The protein becomes biologically inactive |
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| x-ray crustallography 3.5 |
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Definition
| the method most commonly used to determine the 3-D shape of a protein |
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Definition
| A discrete unit inheritance that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide |
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| DNA, RNA, enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid 3.6 |
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Definition
| DNA genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents which provides directions forts own replication. |
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| RNA --- DNA directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls protein synthesis. |
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| Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers |
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| composed of 3 parts: a nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base, a five-carbon sugar (a pentose), and one or more phosphate groups |
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| a nitrogen base that has one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U) |
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| a nitrogen base that has one six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A), guanine (G) |
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| a sugar added to the nitrogenous base in DNA |
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Definition
| a sugar added to the nitrogenous base in RNA |
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| Two polynucleotides, or "strands", that spiral around an imaginary axis |
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| Two sugar-phospate backbones run in opposite 5'->3' directions from each other, held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases |
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