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Ch. 2 Cooper
Cooper ABA, Ch 2, Basic Concepts
60
Psychology
Graduate
01/18/2020

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Term
Antecedent
Definition
an environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occuring prior to a behavior of interest
Term
Automaticity of reinforcement
Definition
"refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between her behavior and a reinforcing consequence. Or even know that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to "work"
Behavior is modified by its consequence regardless of whether the individual is aware they are being reinforced.
Term
aversive stimulus
Definition
"an unpleasant or noxious stimulus; a stimulus change or condition that functions (a) to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior"
Term
behavior
Definition
"the activity of living organisms; human behavior includes everything that people do. ""That portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment"""
Term
behavior change tactic
Definition
"a technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior; possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination"
Term
conditioned punisher
Definition
a previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher.
Term
conditioned reinforcer
Definition
a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers; sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer
Term
conditioned reflex
Definition
a learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g. sound of the fridge door opening) and the response it elicits (e.g. salivation); each person's repertoire of conditioned reflexes is the product of his or her history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny)
Term
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
the stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) or another __
Term
consequence
Definition
"a stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest. Some consequences, especially those that are immediate and relevant to current motivational states, have significant influence on future behavior; others have little effect."
Term
contingency
Definition
refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables
Term
contingent
Definition
describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred.
Term
deprivation
Definition
the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer; also refers to a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer (eg. withholding a person's access to a reinforcer for a specified period of time prior to a session)
Term
discriminated operant
Definition
an operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others
Term
discriminative stimulus (S-delta)
Definition
a stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reason an SD increases the momentary frequency of behavior
Term
environment
Definition
the conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment
Term
extinction
Definition
the discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior (i.e. responses no longer produce reinforcement); the primary effect is a decrease in the frequenc y of the behavior until it reaches a prereinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur.
Term
habituation
Definition
habilitation (adjustment) occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short and long term punishers are minimized
Term
higher order conditioning
Definition
development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS)
Term
history of reinforcement
Definition
an inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particuar response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire
Term
motivating operation
Definition
"an environmental varibale that (a) alters (increase or decrease) the reinforceing or punishing effectivemness of some stimulus, object, or evert; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event."
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
when the frequency of a behavior increases because past responses have resulted in the withdrawal or termination of a stimulus.
Term
neutral stimulus (NS)
Definition
a stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior
Term
ontogeny
Definition
the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime
Term
operant behavior
Definition
"behavior that is selected, amintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person's repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny)"
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
the basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment) frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future
Term
phylogeny
Definition
the history of the natural evolution of a species
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions
Term
principle of behavior
Definition
"a statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time (eg. extinction, positive reinforcement); an empirical generalization inferred from many experiments demonstrating the same functional relation"
Term
punisher
Definition
a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it
Term
punishment
Definition
occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions
Term
reflex
Definition
"a stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (eg. bright light-pupil contraction). Unconditioned and conditioned _____ protect against harmful stimuli, help regulate the internal balance and economy of the organism, and promote reproduction."
Term
reinforcement
Definition
occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions
Term
reinforcer
Definition
a stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it
Term
repertoire
Definition
all of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task
Term
respondent behavior
Definition
"the response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli"
Term
respondent conditioning (Pavlov)
Definition
a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (UN) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response
Term
respondent extinction
Definition
the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US); the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer elicits the conditioned response
Term
response
Definition
a single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior.
Term
response class
Definition
"a group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment"
Term
satiation
Definition
a decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior; also refers to a procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer
Term
selection by consequences
Definition
"the fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; the basic tenet is that all forms of operant behavior, from simple to complex, are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's lifetime; Skinner's concept of selection by consequences is parallel to Darwin's concept of natural selection of genetic structures in the evolution of species"
Term
stimulus
Definition
an energe change that affects an arganism through its receptor cells
Term
stimulus class
Definition
"a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (eg. size, color, physical features), temporal (eg. antecedent or consequent), and/or functional (eg. discriminative stimulus) dimensions"
Term
stimulus control
Definition
"a situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus."
Term
stimulus-stimulus pairing
Definition
"a procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other animals"
Term
three-term contingency
Definition
"the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of orerant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence"
Term
unconditioned punisher
Definition
"a stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned punishers are products of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny), meaning that all members of a species are more or less susceptible to punishment by the rpesentation of unconditioned punishers (also called primary or unlearned punishers)"
Term
unconditioned reinforcer
Definition
a stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned reinforcers are the product of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny). Also called primary or unlearned reinforcer.
Term
unconditioned stimulus (US)
Definition
the stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning.
Term
Behavior
Definition
That portion of an organism’s interaction with its environment that involves movement of some part of the organism
Term
Temporal Extent
Definition
every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time; the duration of a given behavioral event
Term
Temporal Locus
Definition
every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events; often measured in latency and IRT; when in time a specific behavior occurs
Term
Repeatability
Definition
the fact that a behavior can occur repeatedly throughout time, one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived: the frequency with which a behavior occurs over time.
Term
Three dimensions of behavior measurement
Definition
Temporal extent, Temporal locus, repeatability
Term
response topography
Definition
the physical shape of form of the behavior
Term
Stimulus class
Definition
group of stimuli that share a set of common elements in one or more dimensions.
1. temporally-when, in respect to behavior
2. formally: physical features
3. Functionally: effect on behavior
Term
operant behavior
Definition
Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
The process and selective effects of consequences on behavior.
Term
Difference between Operant and Respondent/Classical
Definition
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