Term
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Definition
| single cell organisms; bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that have organelles (internal membrane bound compartments that have specific functions) |
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Term
| What three functional cell components do all eukaryotic cells have? |
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Definition
| nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is cytoplasm made up of? |
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Definition
| water, proteins, carbs, and electrolytes |
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Term
| Where are the instructions to create proteins stored within a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 main types of RNA? |
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Definition
| messenger, ribosomal, and transfer |
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Term
| What are the lengths of DNA that code for specific proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| This complementary single stranded RNA molecule leaves the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are made |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organelle reads the base sequence of mRNA during protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| A ribosome uses the genetic code to translate each three-base triplet, or codon, into its corresponding _________? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a genetic code or base triplet? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in mRNA into protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the site of protein production? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are temporary carriers of amino acids, bringing the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA nucleotide sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Membrane bound organelle that contains the DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Organelle that extends from pores of the nuclear membrane, has many folds, helps materials get around the cell, and holds some of the ribosomes? |
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Definition
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Term
| What organelle receives assembled items from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies sorts and packages the materials for delivery. Much like a packaging facility. |
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Definition
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Term
| What organelle is the powerhouse of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which organelle have their on DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organelle contains enzymes that help break things down such as pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organelle is a large set of proteins that act as a wood chipper, degrading proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| ribosome are attached to rough ER not smooth ER |
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Term
| In which organelle does cellular respiration occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What serves as a semipermeable barrier for the cell made up of a lipid bilayer? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with a __________ head and a __________ tail. |
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Definition
| hydrophilic / hydrophobic |
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Term
| What is the exterior of the cell membrane that participates in cell to cell recognition and adhesion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the importance and function of cholesterol in a cell membrane? |
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Definition
| they mediate spacing of the phospholipids keeping them from bunching too close together or spreading too far apart |
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Term
| What are proteins called that are located on the outer part of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are proteins called that go through the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which proteins aid with transporting things in and out of the cell such a glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell communication is a cell speaking to itself? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell communication acts on nearby cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell communication relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells throughout the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell communication occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitters act only on adjacent nerve cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which chemicals have a hard time getting into the cell and typically rely on surface receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cell receptor is the on-off switch for signal transduction? |
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Definition
| G-protein linked receptors |
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Term
| What cell receptor is characterized by rapid synaptic signaling between electrically excitable cells. i.e. transmission of impulses in nerve and muscle cells |
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Definition
| Ion channel-linked receptors |
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Term
| Which cell receptors are for certain protein hormones? i.e. activate an intracellular domain with enzyme activity (cell growth, proliferation, differentiation)? |
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Definition
| enzyme-linked receptors (catalytic receptors) |
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Term
| A signal molecule is called a _____? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ligands that move directly across the cell membrane bind to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drugs distribute through the cell membrane with preference for adipose tissue and muscle (greater volume of distribution)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drugs remain mostly in blood compartments until they are eliminated? |
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Definition
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Term
| A (increase or decrease) in the volume distribution of a drug will generally increase its elimination half-life. |
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Definition
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Term
| A (increase or decrease) in volume of distribution with an increase in elimination clearance will generally decrease elimination half-life of a drug. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most receptors on the surface of cell membranes are what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process by which fats, proteins, and carbs from foods we eat are converted into energy in the form of ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolism that consists of breaking down stored nutrients and body tissues to produce energy. (aerobic and anaerobic production of ATP) |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolism that is a constructive process in which more complex molecules are formed from simpler ones. (bone growth or building muscle mass) |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemicals that bind to receptor proteins, that can be hormones or medications or other chemicals, are all in a group called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of passive transport? |
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Definition
| diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| Type of passive transport where molecules move freely across the membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| The "grown up" name for water channels. |
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Definition
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Term
| The facilitation of water across the cell membrane via aquaporins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Passive transport that requires a carrier mechanism to cross the membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pumps involved in active transport across the cell membrane require what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of active transport across the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary transport across the cell membrane has two subtypes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary active transport that moves substances in the same direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary active transport that moves substances in opposite directions. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of endocytosis for transport across the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
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Term
| This is the process of a molecule engulfing a substance, such as a pathogen or debris, and transporting it out of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Process by which the cell membrane creates a vesicle that brings nutrients into the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Process by which the cell membrane creates a vesicle that moves unwanted material out of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of gated ion channels? |
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Definition
| ligand-gated, voltage-gated, and mechanically gated |
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Term
| This ion channel is activated when a signal molecule of some kind attaches to the channel. |
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Definition
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Term
| This ion channel is activated by a physical stimulus. |
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Definition
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Term
| This ion channel is activated by electrical changes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two ion channels can be involved in initial depolarization prior to reaching threshold levels? |
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Definition
| ligand gated and mechanically gated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the stages of action potential? |
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Definition
| resting state, depolarization, repolarization, hyperepolarization |
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Term
| What is the point called where depolarization spikes toward the peak? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells organized by their structures or function into ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four types of tissues? |
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Definition
| epithelial, connective, neural, muscle |
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Term
| This type of tissue covers the outer body surface, lines internal surfaces, and forms glandular tissue. Is basically avascular. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three classifications of epithelial tissue based on layers present? |
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Definition
| simple, stratified, pseudostratified |
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Term
| What are the three classifications of epithelial tissue based on shape? |
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Definition
| squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which is the most abundant tissue in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tissue that binds or supports the various tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three types of muscle tissue. |
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Definition
| cardiac, smooth, skeletal |
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Term
| Cardiac muscles have two types. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of nervous tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nervous tissue functions in communication? |
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Definition
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Term
| What receive and carry stimuli in nervous tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What generates and conducts action potentials in nervous tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stores neurotransmitters in vesicles in nervous tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of glials in nervous tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell adaption that is a decrease in size. |
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Definition
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Term
| cell adaption that is an increase in size. |
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Definition
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Term
| cell adaption that is an increase in number |
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Definition
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Term
| cell adaption that is the replacement of adult cells |
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Definition
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Term
| cell adaption that is a deranged cell growth of a specific tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| potassium always wants to be __________ the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| sodium always wants to be _________ the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Are atoms that contain unpaired electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules that donate electrons to free radicals |
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Definition
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Term
| The process where a hypoxic cell is attacked by free radicals and the reintroduction of oxygen to a cell depleted of antioxidants exacerbates the free radical attack |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| highly selective process that controls tissue regeneration, is important in embryonic development, and eliminates cells that are worn out, have been produced in excess, have developed improperly, or have genetic damage |
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Definition
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Term
| cell death in a living organ or tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis |
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Definition
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