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| In general, behavior is the activity of _____ organisms. |
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| interaction with its environment |
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| Technically, behavior is "that portion of an organism's _____ that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of that organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment". (Johnston & Pennypacker, 1993) |
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| The term ____ is usually used in reference to a larger set or class of responses that share certain topographical dimensions or functions. |
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| ____ refers to a specific instance of behavior. |
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| ____ refers to the physical shape or form of behavior. |
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| A ____ is a group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment. |
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| ____ can refer to all of the behaviors a person can do or to a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task. |
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| ____ is the physical setting and circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists. |
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| ___ is "an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells" (Michael, 2004) |
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| The environment influences behavior primarily by ___, not static stimulus conditions. |
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| ____ can be described formally (by their physical features), temporally (by when they occur), and functionally (by their effects on behavior). |
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| A ____ is a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal, and/or functional dimensions. |
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| ____ or stimulus changes exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest. |
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| ____ are stimulus changes that follow a behavior of interest. |
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Definition
Stimulus changes can have ___ of two basic effects on behavior:
(A) an immediate but temporary effect of increasing or decreasing the current frequency of the behavior.
(B) a delayed but relatively permanent effect in terms of the frequency of that type of behavior in the future. |
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Definition
| ____ behavior is elicited by antecedent stimuli. |
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| A ___ is a stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (e.g., bright light - pupil contraction). |
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Definition
| All healthy members of a given species are born with the same repertoire of _____. |
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| An _____ (e.g., food) and the respondent behavior it elicits (e.g., salivation) are called unconditioned reflexes. |
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Definition
| ____ are the product of respondent conditioning: a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response. |
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| higher order (or secondary) |
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Definition
| Pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus can also produce a conditioned reflex - a process called ____ respondent conditioning. |
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Definition
| ____ occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response. |
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| ____ is selected by its consequences. |
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| Unlike respondent behavior, whose topography and basic functions are predetermined, operant behavior can take a virtually ____ of forms. |
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| lifetime of the individual (ontogeny) |
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Definition
| Selection of behavior by consequences operates during the ____ and is a conceptual parallel to Darwin's natural selection in the evolutionary history of a species (phylogeny). |
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| ____, which encompasses reinforcement and punishment, refers to the process an selective effects of consequences on behavior. |
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| Consequences can affect only ____ behavior. |
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| Consequences select ____, not individual responses. |
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| ____ consequences have the greatest effect. |
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| Consequences select any behavior that ____ them. |
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Definition
| Operant conditioning occurs ______. |
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Most stimulus changes that function as _____ can be described as either
(a) a new stimulus added to the environment, or
(b) an already present stimulus removed from the environment. |
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Definition
| ____ occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior. |
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| ____ occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the withdrawal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior. |
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| The term ___ is often used to refer to stimulus conditions whose termination functions as reinforcement. |
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| Extinction (withholding all reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior) produces a ____ in response frequency to the behavior's prereinforcement level. |
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| ____ occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of behavior. |
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| _____ occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the withdrawal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. |
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| A ___ of behavior describes a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables that has thorough generality across organisms, species, settings, and behaviors. |
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| A ____ is a technologically consistent method for changing behavior that has been derived from one or more basic principles of behavior. |
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| Unconditioned reinforcers and punishers |
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Definition
| ___ function irrespective of any prior learning history. |
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| Stimulus changes that function as conditioned reinforcers and punishers do so because of ____ with other reinforcers or punishers. |
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Definition
| One important function of ____ is altering the current value of stimulus changes as reinforcement or punishment. (example deprivation and satiation) |
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| A ___ occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does under others, an outcome called stimulus control. |
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Definition
| ____ refers to differential rates of operant responding observed in the presence or absence of antecedent stimuli. Antecedent stimuli acquire the ability to control operant behavior by having been paired with certain consequences in the past. |
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| The ____ -- antecedent, behavior, and consequence -- is the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior. |
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Definition
| If a reinforcer (or punisher) is ___ on a particular behavior, the behavior must be emitted for the consequence to occur. |
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Definition
| All applied behavior analysis procedures involve ____ of one or more components of the three-term contingency. |
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Definition
| Humans are capable of acquiring a huge ____ of behaviors. Response chains and verbal behavior also make human behavior extremely complex. |
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| The variables that govern human behavior are often highly ____. Many behaviors have multiple causes. |
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| ____ in histories of reinforcement and organic impairments also make the analysis and control of human behavior difficult. |
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| Applied behavior analysts are sometimes _____ from conducting an effective analysis of behavior because of practical, logistical, financial, sociopolitical, legal, and/or ethical reasons. |
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