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| A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources |
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| The manipulation of organisms or their compnents to make useful products |
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| The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes |
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Small, circular, doublr-stranded DNA molecules that carries accessory genes seperate from those of a bacterial chromosome
In DNA cloning, used as vectors carrying up to about 10,000 base pairs of DNA
Found in some eukaryotes (yeast) |
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| Production of multiple copies of a gene |
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An endonuclease that recognizes and cuts DNA molucules foreign to bacterium
Cuts at specific nucleotide sequences |
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| A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme |
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| A DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme |
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| A single stranded end of a double stranded restriction fragment |
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A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication
Catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3'end of one DNA fragment to the 5' end of another DNA fragment
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In genetic engineering, a DNA moleule tha cancarry foreighn DNA into a host cell and replicate there
Includes plasmids and NAC's, hich move recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell, and viruses that transfer recombinant DNA by infection |
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| A set of cell clones containin all the DNA segments from a genome, each within a plasmid, BAC, or other cloning cetor |
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| Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) |
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Definition
A large plasmid that acts as a bacterial chromosome and can carry inserts of 100,000-300,000 base pairs (100-300 kb)
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A double stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and reverse transcriptaseand DNA polymerase
Corresponds to the exons of a gene |
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A gene library containing clones that carry comlementary DNA (cDNA) inserts
Includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells whose mRNA was iolated to make the cDNA |
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| Nucleic Acid Hybridization |
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Definition
| The process of base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule |
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Definition
A labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample
Molecules of the probe H-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs |
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A cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gen can be inserted, allowing the gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell
Expression vectors are also available that have been genetically engineered for use in specific types of eukaryotic cells |
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A technique used to introduce recpmbinant DNA into cells by appolying a brief electrival pulse to a solution containing the cells
Pulse creates temporary holes in the cells plama membrane, throuh which the DNA can enter |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| A technique usd for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat resistant polymerase, and nucleotides |
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Definition
| A technique for seperating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel made of polymers |
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| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism |
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Definition
A single nucleotide polymorphism that exists in the restriction site for a particular enzyme, thus making the site unrecognizable by that enzyme and changing the lengths of the restriction fragments formed by digestion with that enzyme
Can be in coding or noncoding regions |
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Definition
a technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in samples of DNA
Involves gel elecrophoresis of DNA molecules and their transfer to a membrane followed by nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe |
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Definition
A technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in mRNA
Involves gel electrophoresis of RNA and their transfer to a membrane followerd by labelling by a probe |
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| Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) |
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Definition
A technique used to determine expression of a particular gene
Uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase synthesizes cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample and then subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primer specific for the gene of insert |
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| A technique that uses nucleic acid hybridization with a laelled probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact organism |
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A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time
ATiny amounts of a large number of single stranded DANA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide and tested for hybridization with samples of labelled cDNA
Compare patterns of gene expression in different tissues,a at different times, under different conditions |
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| A technique used to discover the function of a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes into the cloned gene's sequence, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell and studying the phenotype of the mutant |
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(RNAi)
A technique used to silence the expression of selected genes
RNAi uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA
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| Genome-wide association study |
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Definition
| A large-scale analysis of the genome of many people having a certain phenotype or disease with the aim of finding genetic markers that correlate with that phenotype or disease |
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| Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) |
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| A single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population |
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| Describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extramembryonic membranes in species that have them |
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| A relatively unspecialized cell that can prouce, during a single division, one identical daughter cell that can undergo further differentiation |
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| Describing a cell that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organis |
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| The introduction of genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutical purposes |
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| Pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or different species |
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| An individual's unique set of genetic markers detected most often today by PCR or by electrophoresis an nucleic acid probes |
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Definition
Simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleoties
Variations acts as markers in STR analysis
Used to prepare genetic profiles |
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| Genetically Modified Organisms |
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Definition
(GMOs)
An organism that has acquied one or more genes by artificial means
Also known as a transgenic organism |
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