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| a set of rules and techniques for observation that allow researchers to avoid illusions , mistakes, and erroneous conclusions that simple observations can produce |
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| a characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it |
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| the tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing |
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a method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
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| the complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured |
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| the partial collection of people who actually were measured in a study |
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| a method of gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments |
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| an observation whose true purpose is hidden from the researcher as well as from the participant |
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| a property whose value can vary or change |
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| the "co-relationship" or pattern of covariation between two variables, each of which has been measured several times |
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| the variable that is manipulated in an experiment |
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| group exposed to the stimulus |
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| group in the experiment that is not exposed to the stimulus |
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| the variable that is measured in a study |
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| a procedure to ensure that a participant's inclusion in the experimental or control group is not determined by a third variable |
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| a technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample |
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| a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in gradual reduction in responding |
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| when a neutral stimulus envokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally envokes a response |
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| unconditioned stimulus (us) |
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| something that reliablity produces; a naturally occuring reaction in an organism |
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| unconditioned response (ur) |
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| a reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
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| conditioned stimulus (cs) |
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| a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
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| conditioned response (cr) |
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| a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
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| a general elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented |
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| the tendancy of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
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| a process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition |
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| the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
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| a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future |
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| the principal that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant stae of affairs" are less likely to be repeated |
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| behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment |
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| any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
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| any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
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| intermittent reinforcement |
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| an operant conditioning principal in which only some of the responces made are followed by reinforcement |
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| a condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
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| a mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
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| a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
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| classical conditioning is the study of bahviors that are ________. |
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| the study of operant conditioning is the exploration of behaviors that are ______. |
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| something unplesant is administered |
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| something desirable is removed |
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| over justification effect |
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| when exteral rewards can undermine the intrisic saticfaction of performing a behavior |
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| a description of an abstract property in terms of a concrete condition that can be measured |
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| the characteristic of experiment that allows us to generalize our results to the rest of the population |
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| allowing students to choose which group that want to be a part of in an experiment is called |
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