Term
| What is the most common type of acquired immunity? |
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Definition
| Naturally acquired immunity, Ab as a resulting from infection |
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Term
| What is naturally acquired passive immunity? |
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Definition
| Ab through transplacental or via breast milk |
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Term
| What type of immunity is acquired through injection of Ag (vaccination) to produce Ab? |
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Definition
| Artificially acquired active immunity |
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Term
| What is Artificially acquired passive immunity? |
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Definition
| Injection of Ab (serum for snake bites or rabies) |
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Term
| What type of vaccine is a live weakened form of a pathogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two different forms of inactivated vaccines (unable to replicate in vaccinated individual)? |
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Definition
Whole agents: contain killed organisms or inactivated viruses
Fragments: portions of organisms or agents including toxins proteins and cell wall components |
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Term
| What are the advantages for attenuated vaccines? |
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Definition
| Single dose usually sufficient to induce long-lasting immunity, vaccine strain has added potential to be spread to un-immunized individuals |
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Term
| Could cause disease in immunocompromised individuals is a disadvantage to which type of vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 attenuated vaccines that are in use? |
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Definition
| Sabin polio vaccine, MMR, yellow fever |
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Term
| What is an advantage to inactivated vaccines? |
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Definition
| Cannot cause disease, immunogenic not pathogenic |
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Term
| Magnitude of immune response is limited, and no amplification of the dose in vivo-booster shots: are disadvantages of what type of vaccines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of whole agents inactivated vaccines? |
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Definition
| Cholera, Plague, influenza, salk polio |
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Term
| Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, and hepatitis B are.. |
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Definition
| Fragments of agents (inactivated vaccines) |
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Term
| What type of antibodies are involved with type I hypersensitivities? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by an immediate reaction of the sensitized individual and is typically inherited? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is localized anaphylaxis? |
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Definition
| Hives, hay fever or asthma from CONTACT or INHALED antigens |
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Term
| What type of anaphylaxis includes shock from INGESTED or INJECTED antigens? |
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Definition
| Systemic (peanuts, bee sting) |
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Term
| When does sensitization occur with Type I hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| When antigen induces plasma cells to secrete IgE antibodies |
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Term
| The Fc region of IgE binds where during Type I hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| to receptors on mast cells and basophiles |
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Term
| Most allergic reactions are? |
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Definition
| Type I hypersensitivity, localized anaphylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
| Wheal and flare rash on skin |
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Term
| What is described by itchy-watery eyes, sneezing, and runny nose? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Increased mucous secretion and bronchi spasm |
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Term
| Systemic anaphylaxis is rare but serious. reactions... |
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Definition
| affect almost the entire body, can induce shock (extensive blood vessel dilation, drop in blood pressure leading to flow insufficiency. |
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Term
| How is systemic anaphylaxis countered? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine counters hypertension |
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Term
| How can we try to eliminate or lessen type I hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| Skin testing and desensitization |
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Term
| What two antibodies are involved in type II hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs during type II hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| Complement-fixing antibodies react with cell surface antigens causing cell injury or death |
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Term
| Examples of type II hypersensitivities are... |
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Definition
Transfusion reactions (Anti-A, Anti-B-Pentimers)
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh factor- Monomer) |
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Term
| What is hemolytic disease of the newborn? |
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Definition
| Incompatibility of Rh factor between mother and child, Anti-Rh antibodies form in Rh negative mother pregnant with Rh positive fetus, 2nd Rh positive fetus provokes strong secondary immune response |
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Term
| What happens in type III hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| IgG antibodies and antigens form complexes: usually adhere to Fc receptors on cells and are destroyed and removed |
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Term
| Certain instances complexes persist in circulation or at sites of formation and... |
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Definition
| Initiate blood clotting mechanism and activate complement contributing to inflammation. |
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Term
| Where are complexes in type III hypersensitivities commonly deposited? |
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Definition
| In skin, joints, and kidney |
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Term
| Which hypersensitivity is the only one that has to do with T cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe type IV hypersensitivities. |
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Definition
| Delayed hypersensitivities due to Td cells that release cytokines that initiate inflammation that attracts macrophages |
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Term
| List some examples of Type IV hypersensitivities |
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Definition
| Tuberculin skin test, contact dermatitis, tissue damage, rejection of tissue grafts, and some autoimmune diseases |
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Term
| What is transplant immunity? |
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Definition
| Special case of delayed type cell mediated hypersensitivity |
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Term
| Most transplants are_____, meaning? |
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Definition
| Allo-grafts: tissues of donor and recipient are not genetically identical |
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Term
| What type of grafts avoid transplant immunity? |
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Definition
Autografts: From elsewhere in the body
& Isografts: from identical sibling |
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Term
| what are Xenografts and what do they do? |
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Definition
| From animals, envoke vigorous response |
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Term
| What leads to rejection of grafts? |
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Definition
| Antigenic differences, especially MHC molecules |
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Term
| Effector cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells reject grafts, how do we minimize this? |
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Definition
| Indefinite use of immunosuppressive drugs, but increases susceptibility to infections and cancer. |
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