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| the rights of all people to dignity and worth; also called human rights |
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| remedial action designed to overcome the effects of past discrimination against minorities and women |
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| the right of women to vote |
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| clause in the fourteenth amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. By interpretation, the Fifth Amendment imposes the same limitation on the national government. This clause is the major constitutional restraint on the power of governments to discriminate against persons because of race, national origin, or sex. |
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| Clause in the Fifth Amendment limiting the power of the national government; similar clause in the fourteenth amendment prohibiting state governments from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property with out due process of law |
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| primary operated by the Democratic Party in southern states that, before republicans gained strength in the “one party South”, essentially constituted an election; ruled unconstitutional in Smith v. Allwright (1944) |
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| the drawing of election districts so as to ensure that members of a certain race are a minority in the district; ruled unconstitutional in Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960 |
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| payment required as a condition for voting; prohibited for national election by the twenty fourth amendment (1964) and ruled unconstitutional for all elections in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1966) |
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| literacy required imposed by some states as a condition of voting, generally used to disqualify blacks from voting in the South; now illegal |
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Majority-Minority District |
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| a congressional district created to include a majority of minority voters; rule constitutional so long as race is not the main factor in redistricting |
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| state laws formerly pervasive throughout the South requiring public facilities and accommodations to be segregated by race; ruled unconstitutional |
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| segregation imposed by law |
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| Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice |
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| the clause of the Constitution (Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. |
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| lawsuit brought by an individual or a group of people on behalf of all those similarly situated |
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| a provision in a deed to real property prohibiting its sale to a person of a particular race or religion. Judicial enforcement of such deeds in unconstitutional |
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