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| a legal action conferring citizenship on an alien |
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| citizenship to more than one nation |
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| the right to renouce one's citizenship |
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| inherent powers of state governments to pass laws to protect the public health, safety, and welfare;the national government has no directly granted police powers but accomplishes the same goals through other delegated powers |
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| the rights of an individual to own, use, rent, invest in, buy and sell property |
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Clause of the Constitutional (Article 1, Section 10) originally intended to prohibit state governments from modifying contracts made between individuals; for a while interpreted as prohibiting state governments from taking actions that adversely affect property rights; no longer interpreted so broadly no longer constrains state governments from exercising their police powers. |
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| Power of a government to take private property for public use; the U.S. Constitutional gives national and state governments this power and requires them to provide the compensation for property so taken |
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| goverment regulation of property so extensive that government is deemed to have taken the property by the power of eminent domain, for which it must compensate the property owners. |
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| established rules and regulations that restrain people in government who exercise power |
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| Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; places limits on how governmental power may be exercised |
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| constitutional requirement that governments act reasonably and that the substance of laws themselves be fair and reasonable; places limits on what a government may due |
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| a writ issued by a magistrate that authorizes the police to search a particular place or person, specifying the place to be searched and the objects to be seized |
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| Police targeting of racial minorities as potential suspects of criminal activities |
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| requirement that evidence unconsitutionally or illegally obtained be excluded from a criminal trial. |
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| exemption from prosecution for a particular crime in return for testimony pertaining to the case |
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| A jury of 12 to 23 persons who, in private, hear evidence presented by the government to dertermine whether persons shall be required to stand trial. If the jury believes there is sufficient evidence that a crime was committed, it issues an indictment |
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| a formal written statement from a grand jury charging an individual with an offense; also called a true bill |
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| Agreement between a prosecuter and a defendant that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser offense to avoid having to stand trial from a more serious offense |
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| A jury of 6-12 people that determines guilt or innocence in a civil or criminal action |
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| trial or punishment for the same crime by the same government; forbidden by the Constitution |
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| assigning police to neighborhoods where they walk the beat and work with churches and other community groups to reduce crime and improve relations with minorities |
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