Term
| What are the two types of adaptive immunity? |
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Definition
| Humoral and cell-mediated |
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Term
| Which type of immunity is known as blood immunity and is floating in the blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What must happen in cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
| antigen must be presented to the cell |
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Term
| What does the lymphoid system include? |
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Definition
| primary lymphoid organs, secondary lymphoid organs, lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| Bone marrow and the thymus are ..? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the site of B cell maturation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the thymus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens once B and T cells mature |
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Definition
| They leave the primary lymphoid organs and migrate to the secondary lymphoid organs |
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Term
| What are the secondary lymphoid organs and what occurs there? |
|
Definition
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix.
Site where lymphocytes gather to encounter antigens |
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|
Term
| What carries lymph to body tissues? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an antigen/immunogen? |
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Definition
| Molecule that specifically interacts with an antibody or lymphocyte. (Ag) mostly protein |
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Term
| What are the surface markers that are on an antigen that are recognized by the immune system called? |
|
Definition
| Antigenic determinant/epitope |
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|
Term
| What is the basic unit of an antibody? |
|
Definition
| Monomer, made of four chains of amino acids held together by disulfides bonds |
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Term
| Each heavy and light chain has a constant region. What is it known as and what does it determine? |
|
Definition
| Fc region, determines class |
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Term
| Each heavy and light chain has a variable region, what is it? |
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Definition
| Unique to each antibody, this region binds to a specific antigen and is known as the "Fab" region (F,antigen,binding) |
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Term
| What antibody is the 1st to respond to an infection and is the only antibody that can be formed by the fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the Ig M Ab? |
|
Definition
| Pentamer (five monomer units joined together at the Fc). But found on the surface of B lymphocytes as a monomer |
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|
Term
| Which type of Ab is 5-13% of serum in circulation? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the Ab of memory and the only Ab that can cross the placenta? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the structure of Ig G and what % is in circulation? |
|
Definition
| monomer, most dominant Ab- 80-85% in circulation |
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|
Term
| Which Ab is found in secretions and what % is in circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monomer in serum, dimer in secretions |
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Term
| Which antibody is barely detectable in circulation and is a monomer? What is its role? |
|
Definition
| Ig E, active in allergic reactions |
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|
Term
| Describe the Ig D antibody |
|
Definition
| less than 1% in circulation, monomer, maturation of antibody response |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lung, brain/neural tissue, and skin |
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|
Term
| What is clonal selection? |
|
Definition
| Specific response of mature B cells to an antigen's epitopes. |
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|
Term
| What is clonal expansion? |
|
Definition
| Repeated cycles of cell division generates population of copied antibodies |
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Term
| List the stages of B cell development |
|
Definition
| Immature -> naive -> activated -> effector/plasma cells -> memory |
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|
Term
| Describe neutralization? One of the protective outcomes of Ab-Ag binding. |
|
Definition
| It prevents toxins from interacting with the cell. |
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|
Term
| How does immobilization and prevention of adherence protect Ab-Ag binding? |
|
Definition
| The antibody bonds to the cellular structures (such as flagella) to interfere with the antigens function |
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|
Term
| What is the terms for the clumping of bacterial cells by a specific antibody that causes the bacteria to be more easily phagocytized? |
|
Definition
| agglutination and precipitation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The coating of bacteria with antibody to enhance phagocytosis. |
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|
Term
| What type of protective outcome involves an antibody bonding and triggering classical pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)? |
|
Definition
| multiple antibodies bind a cell which becomes target for certain cells. (virus, cancer cells) |
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|
Term
| How long does it take before antibodies detect an Ag in blood with primary response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In primary response, once an Ag is detected what happens? |
|
Definition
| Activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into increasing numbers of plasma cells as long as the antigen is present. |
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|
Term
| What is the net result of primary response? |
|
Definition
| Slow steady increase in antibody titer |
|
|
Term
| What is secondary response? |
|
Definition
| Memory cells responsible for swift effective reaction that often eliminate invaders before noticeable harm is done |
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|
Term
| Where do forms of natural selection occur during affinity maturation? |
|
Definition
| Among proliferating B cells |
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|
Term
| What does affinity maturation do? |
|
Definition
| Fine tunes quality of response with respect to specificity, B cell receptors more and more specific to antigen, antibody binds antigen more tightly |
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|
Term
| What are B cells initially programmed to do? |
|
Definition
| Differentiate into plasma cells, plasma cells secrete IgM antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Helper T cells produce cytokines which cause ... |
|
Definition
| Some B cells to switch programming and differentiate to plasma cells that secrete other classes of antibodies, commonly IgG |
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|
Term
| T cells never produce antibodies. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since T cells cannot produce antibodies what must happen for the T cell to take effect? |
|
Definition
| Antigen must be presented by an APC (macrophage) to the T cell receptor |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| T cell receptors, helper T cells (CD4), Cytotoxic T cell (CD8), Delayed hypersensitivity T cells, Suppressor T cells |
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|
Term
| There are multiple copies of T cell receptors that are made up of... |
|
Definition
two polypeptide chains:
alpha and beta
or gamma and delta |
|
|
Term
| What do all T cell receptors have? |
|
Definition
| A variable and constant region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major Histocompatibility complex: protein on the surface of body cells that can bind an Ag, holds the Ag for T cell analysis |
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|
Term
| T cells never produce antibodies. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are class I MHC proteins found? |
|
Definition
| expressed on every nucleated cell in the body. |
|
|
Term
| What type of antigens do class I MHC proteins bind and what do they bind them to? |
|
Definition
| endogenous antigen, bind to Tc Cells |
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|
Term
| What class of MHC proteins are expressed only on specific antigen-presenting cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of antigens does Class II MHC have? what do they bind to? |
|
Definition
| exogenous antigen, Th cells |
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|
Term
| Which type of T cell is CD4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity...call Tc to kill |
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|
Term
| which type of T cell activates B cells to produce eosinophils, IgM and IgE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of T cells are CD8? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of T cell destroys target cells with perforin, to induce apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are T cells activated? |
|
Definition
| Dendritic cells, activated macrophages, and natural killer cells |
|
|
Term
| Where do natural killer cells descend from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do natural killer cells lack and how do they recognize antigens? |
|
Definition
| lack antigen specificity, no antigen receptor, recognize antigens by means of Fc portion of IgG antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What do natural killer cells recognize that is important in viral infections? |
|
Definition
| Recognize destroyed host cells with no MHC class I surface molecules |
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|
Term
| What type of immune response do NK cells augment and what does this enable? |
|
Definition
| Adaptive immune response, enables killing of host cells with foreign protein in the membrane |
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|
Term
| NK cells actions augment adaptive immune response which is important in the process of .. |
|
Definition
| Antibody dependent cellular toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What does interleukin-1 do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of interleukin activates Th, B, Tc, and NK cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does interleukin-12 do? |
|
Definition
| differentiation of CD4 cells |
|
|
Term
| What do gamma-interferons do? |
|
Definition
| Increase activity of macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What causes leukocytes to move to an infection? |
|
Definition
| Chemokines (histamine, heparin) |
|
|
Term
| The body cannot make lymphocytes against itself due to... |
|
Definition
| Clonal deletion: process of destroying B and T cells that react to self antigens |
|
|
Term
| What happens when B and T cells undergo negative selection? |
|
Definition
| Apoptosis of B and T cells that recognize self |
|
|
Term
| Describe positive selection of T cells. |
|
Definition
| Differentiation of T cells will only occur if that cell recognizes MHC molecule |
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