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| Impairment in learning to read and write; probably the most common learning disability |
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| Relatively permanent change in an organism's behaviour as a result of experience |
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| Ability to recall or recognize previous experience |
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| Learning achieved when neutral stimulus (such as a tone) come stop elicit a response after its repeated pairing with some event (such as delivery of food); also called classical conditioning or respondent conditioning |
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| Experimental technique in which subjects learn to pair a formerly neutral stimulus with a defensive blinking response |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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| In Pavlovian conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) triggers a conditioned response (CR) |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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| A stimulus that naturally and automatically (unconditionally) triggers an unconditioned response (UCR) |
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| Unconditioned Respond (UCR) |
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| Unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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| In Pavlovian conditioning, the learned response to a formerly neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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| Conditioned emotional response between a neutral stimulus and an unpleasant event, such as a shock, that results in a learned association |
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| Learning procedure in which the consequences (such as obtaining a reward) of a particular behaviour (such as pressing a bar) increase or decrease the probability of the behaviour occurring again; also called instrumental conditioning |
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| Unconscious memory: subjects can demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recall of events on prompting but cannot explicitly retrieve the information |
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| Partial or total loss of memory |
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| Conscious memory: subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know the retrieved item is the correct one |
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| Ability to recount what one knows, to detail and time, place and circumstance of events; often lost in amnesia |
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| Ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform some act of behaviour |
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| Rules of the game; implicit understanding of how a problem can be solved with a rule that can be applied in many different situations |
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| Using a stimulus to sensitize the nervous system to a later presentation of the same or a similar stimulus |
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| Autobiographical memory for events pegged to specific place and time contexts |
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| Located on the medial temporal lobe surface; provides a major route for neocortical input to the hippocampal formation; often degenerates in Alzheimer disease |
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| Cortex located along the dorsal medial temporal lobe surface |
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| Cortex lying next to the rhinal fissures the ventral surface of the brain |
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| Area of incomplete necrosis (dead tissue) consisting of a central protein core (amyloid) surrounded by degenerative cellular fragments; often seen in the cortex of people with dementia such as Alzheimer disease |
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| Use of visual information to recall an object's location in space |
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Permanent loss of the ability to learn new information (anterograde amnesia) and to retrieve old information (retrograde amnesia) caused by diencephalic damage resulting from chronic alcoholism or malnutrition that produces a vitamin B1 deficiency
Thiamine deficiency (same as B1) kills cells in medial part of the diencephalon, frontal lobes show atrophy (loss of cells) |
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| Inability to remember events that took place before the onset of amnesia |
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| Inability to remember events subsequent to a disturbance of the brain such as head trauma, electroconvulsive shock, or neurodegenerative disease |
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| Process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning |
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| Process of restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited |
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| Memory for the affective properties of stimuli or events |
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Linkage of two or more unrelated stimuli to elicit a behavioural response
Learning that A goes with B |
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| Long-term Potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| Long-lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after high-frequency stimulation |
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| Long-term Depression (LTD) |
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Definition
| Long-lasting decrease in synaptic effectiveness after low-frequency electrical stimulation |
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| Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) |
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| Neurotrophic factor that stimulates neutrons to grow dendrites and synapses and in some cases promotes the survival of neurons |
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| Behavioural Sensitization |
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| Escalating behavioural response to the repeated administration of a psychomotor stimulant such as amphetamine, cocaine, or nicotine; also called drug-induced behavioural sensitization |
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| Interaction among different plastic changes in the brain |
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| Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) |
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| Damage to the brain the results from a blow to the head |
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| Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) |
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| Neurotrophic factor; stimulates the subventricualr zone to generate cells that migrate into the striatum and eventually differentiate into neurons and glia |
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