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Ch 14 - Learning and Memory
Brain and Behaviour - Psych 275
38
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/25/2017

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Term
Dyslexia
Definition
Impairment in learning to read and write; probably the most common learning disability
Term
Learning
Definition
Relatively permanent change in an organism's behaviour as a result of experience
Term
Memory
Definition
Ability to recall or recognize previous experience
Term
Pavlovian Conditioning
Definition
Learning achieved when neutral stimulus (such as a tone) come stop elicit a response after its repeated pairing with some event (such as delivery of food); also called classical conditioning or respondent conditioning
Term
Eye blink Conditioning
Definition
Experimental technique in which subjects learn to pair a formerly neutral stimulus with a defensive blinking response
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
In Pavlovian conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) triggers a conditioned response (CR)
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
A stimulus that naturally and automatically (unconditionally) triggers an unconditioned response (UCR)
Term
Unconditioned Respond (UCR)
Definition
Unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
In Pavlovian conditioning, the learned response to a formerly neutral conditioned stimulus (CS)
Term
Fear Conditioning
Definition
Conditioned emotional response between a neutral stimulus and an unpleasant event, such as a shock, that results in a learned association
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Learning procedure in which the consequences (such as obtaining a reward) of a particular behaviour (such as pressing a bar) increase or decrease the probability of the behaviour occurring again; also called instrumental conditioning
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
Unconscious memory: subjects can demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recall of events on prompting but cannot explicitly retrieve the information
Term
Amnesia
Definition
Partial or total loss of memory
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
Conscious memory: subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know the retrieved item is the correct one
Term
Declarative Memory
Definition
Ability to recount what one knows, to detail and time, place and circumstance of events; often lost in amnesia
Term
Procedural Memory
Definition
Ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform some act of behaviour
Term
Learning Set
Definition
Rules of the game; implicit understanding of how a problem can be solved with a rule that can be applied in many different situations
Term
Priming
Definition
Using a stimulus to sensitize the nervous system to a later presentation of the same or a similar stimulus
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
Autobiographical memory for events pegged to specific place and time contexts
Term
Entorhinal Cortex
Definition
Located on the medial temporal lobe surface; provides a major route for neocortical input to the hippocampal formation; often degenerates in Alzheimer disease
Term
Parahippocampal Cortex
Definition
Cortex located along the dorsal medial temporal lobe surface
Term
Parirhinal Cortex
Definition
Cortex lying next to the rhinal fissures the ventral surface of the brain
Term
Neuritic Plaque
Definition
Area of incomplete necrosis (dead tissue) consisting of a central protein core (amyloid) surrounded by degenerative cellular fragments; often seen in the cortex of people with dementia such as Alzheimer disease
Term
Visuospatial Memory
Definition
Use of visual information to recall an object's location in space
Term
Korsakoff Syndrome
Definition
Permanent loss of the ability to learn new information (anterograde amnesia) and to retrieve old information (retrograde amnesia) caused by diencephalic damage resulting from chronic alcoholism or malnutrition that produces a vitamin B1 deficiency

Thiamine deficiency (same as B1) kills cells in medial part of the diencephalon, frontal lobes show atrophy (loss of cells)
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
Inability to remember events that took place before the onset of amnesia
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
Inability to remember events subsequent to a disturbance of the brain such as head trauma, electroconvulsive shock, or neurodegenerative disease
Term
Consolidation
Definition
Process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning
Term
Reconsolidation
Definition
Process of restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited
Term
Emotional Memory
Definition
Memory for the affective properties of stimuli or events
Term
Associative Learning
Definition
Linkage of two or more unrelated stimuli to elicit a behavioural response

Learning that A goes with B
Term
Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
Definition
Long-lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after high-frequency stimulation
Term
Long-term Depression (LTD)
Definition
Long-lasting decrease in synaptic effectiveness after low-frequency electrical stimulation
Term
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
Definition
Neurotrophic factor that stimulates neutrons to grow dendrites and synapses and in some cases promotes the survival of neurons
Term
Behavioural Sensitization
Definition
Escalating behavioural response to the repeated administration of a psychomotor stimulant such as amphetamine, cocaine, or nicotine; also called drug-induced behavioural sensitization
Term
Metaplasticity
Definition
Interaction among different plastic changes in the brain
Term
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Definition
Damage to the brain the results from a blow to the head
Term
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
Definition
Neurotrophic factor; stimulates the subventricualr zone to generate cells that migrate into the striatum and eventually differentiate into neurons and glia
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