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Ch 14 Innate Immune Response
Chapter fourteen
63
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
02/17/2013

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Term
What type of immunity is nonspecific, and 1st & 2nd line of defense?
Definition
Innate immunity
Term
What is acquired immunity?
Definition
3rd line of defense, specific
Term
What are the three types of first line defense?
Definition
Mechanical, chemical, and normal flora factors.
Term
The skin, mucous membrane, and glands make up which factor of 1st line defense?
Definition
Mechanical
Term
The Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells and is covered in what protective protein?
Definition
Keratin
Term
What is the ciliary escalator?
Definition
Part of the mucous membrane, Microbes trapped in mucous and transported away from the lungs
Term
What flows out of the mucous membrane?
Definition
Urine and vaginal secretions
Term
What two glands aid in mechanical factors of defense?
Definition
Lacrimal apparatus (wash eye) and saliva (wash microbes off)
Term
What do the sebaceous glands of the skin secrete?
Definition
Sebum: fatty acids with a pH of 3-5
Term
What is the pH of the gastric juices of the stomach?
Definition
acidic pH of 1.2-3
Term
What does perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids secrete?
Definition
Lysozymes and peroxidase enzymes
Term
What two things compete for the binding of iron? (chemical factors)
Definition
Transferrins in blood compete with bacteria
Term
What inhibits ATP production of bacteria?
Definition
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Term
What is Normal Flora?
Definition
Microorganisms found growing on or in the body of a healthy individual
Term
Name the 3 types of symbiotic relationships between microbes and a host.
Definition
synergism(mutualism)-both organisms benefit
commensalism-one benefits, the other is unharmed
antagonism(parasitism)-one benefits at the others expense
Term
Name the four main components of the second-line defense of the body.
Definition
White blood cells
phagocytosis
other blood components
lymphatic system
Term
What white blood cells play a role in 2nd line defense?
Definition
Granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes(monocytes), lymphocytes
Term
inflammation, fever, and the complement system make up what portion of 2nd line defense?
Definition
Other blood components
Term
What is the highest population of WBC what role do they play?
Definition
Neutrophils, 60-70% phagocytic, first responders to the damage
Term
What makes up the lowest population of WBC what is their role?
Definition
Basophils, .5-1% Produce histamine, send signals
Term
Which white blood cell makes up 2-4% what do they do?
Definition
Eosinophils. Toxic to parasites, allergic reactions, some phagocytosis
Term
Which WBC is phagocytic when mature, can be wondering or fixed, and makes up 3-8% of the population?
Definition
Monocytes
Term
Describe lymphocytes.
Definition
Involved in specific immunity, 20-25% of WBC's
Term
What do macrophages do?
Definition
antigen presenting cells
-produce cytokines
-interact with T-helper cells
-help form granulomas
Term
What is the first step in the process of phagocytosis?
Definition
Cells are recruited to the infection
Term
What happens during recognition/attachment? (step 2)
Definition
receptors bind microbes
Term
What happens during engulfment? (step 3)
Definition
cell "eats" microbe forming phagosome
Term
what is the last step in the process of phagocytosis?
Definition
exocytosis: phagocyte expels digested material to external environment
Term
What step involves the microbe killed due to lack of oxygen and decreased pH?
Definition
Destruction and digestion
Term
What is phagosome lysosome fusion? (step 4)
Definition
Phagosome binds lysosome, forming phagolysosome
Term
What do red blood cells and platelets do?
Definition
Important role in inflammatory response and blood clotting
Term
What proteins make up plasma and serum?
Definition
albumin and globulin(gamma portion contains antibodies)
Term
What two things are a part of the complement system and are interferons(glycoproteins)?
Definition
Plasma and serum
Term
What are the cardinal signals of inflammation?
Definition
Redness, pain, heat, swelling(edema),
Term
Microbial products trigger what?
Definition
Toll-like receptors of macrophages. (listen to damaged cells)
Term
What can the microbial cell surface trigger?
Definition
Complement cascade
Term
What allows blood to get to places faster and is caused by histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes?
Definition
Vasodilation
Term
What happens during inflammation as a result of positive chemotaxis?
Definition
margination and emigration of WBC's
Term
What does histamine do?
Definition
Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
Term
What does kinkins do?
Definition
Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels, and chemotaxis
Term
Which hormone intensifies histamine and kinkin effects?
Definition
Prostaglandins
Term
Which hormone causes increased permeability of blood vessels and phagocytic attachment?
Definition
Leukotrienes
Term
What is apoptosis?
Definition
Programmed CELL death - destroys the cell without eliciting inflammatory response
Term
What is a physiological response to infections?
Definition
Fever
Term
Pyrogens can be endogenous and exogenous. Describe both types.
Definition
-Endogenous are produced by our bodies and are fever inducing cytokines
-exogenous are caused by bacteria, bacterial endotoxins
Term
What part of the brain controls temperature?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What is released to reset the hypothalamus to a high body temperature?
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
The body increases the rate of metabolism and shivering to?
Definition
raise body temperature and cause cells to be more efficient
Term
What effect does 1 degree Celsius change have on metabolic activity?
Definition
Becomes 10% more efficient
Term
What does a high temperature inhibit?
Definition
Pathogen growth
Term
What is the complement system?
Definition
Series of inactive proteins (C1-C9) circulating in blood and fluids that strengthens activities of adaptive immunity.
Term
What initiates the cascade of enzymatic reactions?
Definition
stimulation of inactive proteins. Results in rapid activation of components
Term
What are the three pathways of activation?
Definition
classical, alternative, lectin
Term
Which pathway requires antibodies for activation?
Definition
Classical
Term
What occurs during classical pathway activation?
Definition
Antibodies interact with complement C1 which activates protein and leads to activation of all complex proteins
Term
Which pathway of activation is the most efficient?
Definition
classical
Term
Which pathway of activation is quickly and easily initiated and relies on binding of complement protein C3b to cell surface and what does this allow?
Definition
alternative pathway, allows formation of complement complex
Term
C3b is always circulating in the blood T or F
Definition
True
Term
What does the lectin pathway require to activate?
Definition
mannan-binding lectins (MBL)
Term
The lectin pathway has a pattern recognition molecules that detect mannan which is a
Definition
polymer of mannose found in microbial cells
Term
How does the lectin pathway activate complement proteins?
Definition
MBL attaches to surface
Term
What do Alpha and Beta interferons (IFNs) cause?
Definition
Cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication
Term
What type of IFN causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria?
Definition
Gamma IFN
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