Term
|
Definition
| a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group |
|
|
Term
| the _________ of the individual target of prejudice will either go unnoticed or be dismissed |
|
Definition
| individual traits or behaviors |
|
|
Term
| prejudices have a ______ and can influence behavior |
|
Definition
| cognitive element (a stereotype) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flows from the minority group to the majority group as well as in the other direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a generalization about a group of people, in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| information consistent with our notions about a group will be: |
|
Definition
1. given more attention
2. rehearsed (recalled) more often
3. be remembered better than information that contradicts with those notions |
|
|
Term
| whenever a member of a group behaves as we expect, the behavior confirms and even strengthens our stereotype; but we are not inclined to seek, notice, or remember the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exception to a stereotype |
|
Definition
| anyone who doesn't fit the stereotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated |
|
|
Term
| when are illusory correlations most likely to occur? |
|
Definition
| when the events or people are distinctive or conspicuous |
|
|
Term
| the problem with positive stereotypes |
|
Definition
can deny individual individuality
ex. asian stereotypes set up expectations for those who are not interested in academic achievement, who don't like science and math, and don't do well in those subjects, and who in general don't appreciate being treated as a category rather than as individuals |
|
|
Term
| stereotypes of gender (women vs. men) |
|
Definition
women are more empatic and talkative
men are more competent and aggressive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hostile sexism
benevolent sexism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative stereotypes of women (less intelligent, less competent, less brave, less capable of math and science, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive stereotypes of women (kinder than men, more empathic, more nurturing, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| why are both forms of sexism demeaning? |
|
Definition
| they both assume that women are the weaker sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cognitive component: stereotype
affective component: emotions
behavioral component: discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the emotional aspect of attitude makes a prejudiced person hard to argue with; logical arguments are not effective in countering emotions |
|
|
Term
| if you have a stereotype of a group that you know little about, and if you are not _____________ in that stereotype, you are likely to be open to information that disputes it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| emotionally backed attitudes are impervious to ____ or _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is prejudice so hard to change? |
|
Definition
| it's a blend of a stereotype and emotional "heat" toward a particular group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unjustified negative or harmful action toward the members of a group solely because of their membership in that group |
|
|
Term
| prejudice can lead to discrimination through ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the "slights, indignities, and put-downs" that many minorities and people with physical disabilities experience
ex. white prof compliments asian american on english even though asian has been in america his whole life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person's reluctance to get too close to another group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outwardly acting unprejudced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes |
|
|
Term
| implicit association test (IAT) |
|
Definition
| measures the speed of people's positive and negative associations to a target group |
|
|
Term
| the IAT does not measure emotional evaluations of the target but rather _____ |
|
Definition
| the salience of the word associated with it - how much it stands out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shoot someone if they are holding a gun. pictures include both blacks and whites. they could be holding a cell phone or something else that's not a gun. participants normally shot the black ones whether or not they were holding a gun |
|
|
Term
| conclusion of implicit prejudices |
|
Definition
| does not take long to activate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype |
|
|
Term
| the more conscious individuals are of the stereotype about their group, _________ |
|
Definition
| the greater is the effect on their performance |
|
|
Term
| institutional discrimination |
|
Definition
| practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm |
|
|
Term
| _______ create a lack of opportunity for the groups that makes their success unlikely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as social norms change, so does ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive feelings and special treatment for people we have defined as being part of our in-group and negative feelings and unfair treatment for others merely because we have defined them as being in the out-group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete strangers are formed into groups using the most trivial criteria imaginable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that "they" are all alike |
|
|
Term
| ultimate attribution error |
|
Definition
| the tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people. when people conform to a stereotype, we tend to blind ourselves to clues about why they might have behaved as they did. we assume that something about their character or disposition, and not their situation or life circumstances, caused their behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place |
|
|
Term
| the justification-suppression model of prejudice |
|
Definition
| prejudices support the in-group's feeling of superiority, its religious or political identity, and the legitimacy of inequality in wealth, status, and power |
|
|
Term
| realistic conflict theory |
|
Definition
| the idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for individuals, when frustrated or happy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contact with prejudiced groups will get rid of prejudice |
|
|
Term
| contact can reduce prejudice only when 3 conditions are met |
|
Definition
1. both groups are of equal status
2. both share a common goal that generates awareness of their shared interests and common humanity
3. contact is supported by law or local custom (social norms) |
|
|
Term
| 6 conditions when contact reduces prejudice |
|
Definition
1. mutual interdependence
2. having a common goal
3. equal status
4. friendly, informal setting
5. setting must be typical of their group
6. social norms that promote and support equality among groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course materiala nd do well in the class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- allows the individual to develop the cognitive category of oneness
- when we develop the ability to understand what another person is going through, it increases the probabilit that our heart will open to that person
- once our heart opens to another person, it become almost impossible to feel prejudice against that person, to bully that person, to taunt that person, to humiliate that person |
|
|
