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| indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave |
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| ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis |
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| microscopic functional unit of the kidney comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine |
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| little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron |
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| the top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus |
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| the stem portion of the nephron |
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| the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder |
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| the basinlike portion of the ureter within the kideny |
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| point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter |
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| single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body |
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| opening in the urethra to the outside of the body |
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| fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products |
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| waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine |
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| waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine |
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| presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise |
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| absence of urine formation |
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| presence of bacteria in the urine |
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| involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control |
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| presence of blood in the urine |
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| involuntary discharge of urine or feces |
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| urinary stress incontinence |
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| involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, or strained exercise |
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| presence of ketone bodies in the urine |
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| ketone bodies, ketone compunds |
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| acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the rine from the body's abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation |
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| scanty production of urine |
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| presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection |
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| retention of urine caused by an inability to void naturally because of spasm or obstruction |
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| form of nephritis involving the glomerulus |
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| pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine |
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| inflammation of the kidney |
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| inflammation of the renal pelvis |
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| degenerative disease of the renal tubules |
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| presence of a renal stone or stones |
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| inflammation of the bladder |
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| inflammation of the urethra |
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| inflammation of the urethra and bladder |
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| narrowed condition of the urethra |
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| excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure |
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| examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cytoscope |
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| intravenous pyelogram/urogram |
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| x-ray of urinary tract after an iodine contrast |
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| x-ray of renal artery after injection a medium |
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| x-ray of ureters, bladder and kidney after contrast medium |
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| x-ray of bladder and urethra taken during urination |
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| ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder |
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| physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine |
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| urologic endoscopic surgery |
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| use of specialized endoscopes within urinary tract procedures |
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| urologic endoscope inserted throgh the urethra to resect lesions of the bladder, urethra or prostate |
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| intracorporeal lithotripsy |
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| method of destroying stones |
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| suture of an injured kidney |
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| incision into the kidney for the removal of stones |
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| surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis |
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