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CH 12
Summary
27
Psychology
Graduate
04/24/2015

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
termination, reduction, or postponement
Definition
Negative reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus contingent on the occurrence of a response, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.
Term
negative reinforcement contingency
Definition
A _____ involves:
(a) an establishing operation (EO) in whose presence escape is reinforcing
(b) a discriminative stimulus (sD) in whose presence a response is more likely to be reinforced
(c) the response that produces reinforcement
(d) termination of the event that served as the EO.
Term
increase
Definition
Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that both lead to an _____ in responding.
Term
contingent stimulus presentation
Definition
Negative reinforcement involves _____.
Term
contingent stimulus termination
Definition
Negative reinforcement involves _____.
Term
ongoing stimulus
Definition
An escape contingency is one in which responding terminates an_____.
Term
delays or prevents
Definition
An avoidance contingency is one in which responding _____ the presentation of a stimulus.
Term
the presence of
Definition
In discriminated avoidance, responding in _____ a signal prevents stimulus presentation.
Term
at any time
Definition
In free-operant avoidance, responding ____ prevents stimulus presentation.
Term
strengthened
Definition
Any response that successfully terminates aversive stimulation will be ____; as a result, a wide range of behaviors may be acquired and maintained by negative reinforcement.
Term
disruptive or dangerous behavior
Definition
Negative reinforcement may play an important role in the development of academic skills, but it also can account for the development of _____.
Term
prior learning
Definition
Unconditioned negative reinforcers are stimuli whose removal strengthens behavior in the absence of _____.
Term
previous pairing
Definition
Conditioned negative reinforcers are stimuli whose removal strengthens behavior as a result of _____ with other negative reinforcers.
Term
another person
Definition
Social negative reinforcement involves stimulus termination through the action of _____.
Term
direct result of a response
Definition
Automatic negative reinforcement involves stimulus termination as a direct result of a response.
Term
stimulus conditions
Definition
Identification of negative reinforcement for a given response will be more effective when:
(a) the stimulus change immediately follows the occurrence of the target response
(b) the magnitude of reinforcement is large
(c) the target response consistently produces escape from or postponement of the EO
(d) reinforcement is unavailable for competing responses
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
Although negative reinforcement is a fundamental principle of learning that has been studied extensively in basic research, applied behavior analysis has heavily emphasized the use of _____ over negative reinforcement.
Term
pediatric feeding problems.
Definition
Applied researchers have explored the therapeutic uses of negative reinforcement in treating _____.
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
Improvements in student performance as a result of error correction that involve repeating a learning trial, having the student practice correct performance, or giving the student additional work may be a function of _____.
Term
task demands
Definition
The presentation of _____ during instruction may function as an EO for escape.
Term
escape
Definition
Initial forms of _____ may include lack of attention or mild forms of disruption.
Term
escalate
Definition
To the extent that positive reinforcement for compliance is less than optimal, escape behaviors may persist and may even _____.
Term
socially appropriate
Definition
One strategy for treating problem behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement is to strengthen a more _____ replacement behavior through negative reinforcement.
Term
severity
Definition
Ethical concerns about the use of positive and negative reinforcement are similar and arise from the ____ of the antecedent event (EO) that occasions behavior.
Term
aversive events
Definition
Most EOs for behavior maintained by negative reinforcement can be viewed as _____.
Term
cannot
Definition
Extremely noxious events, when presented as antecedent stimuli, _____ be justified as part of a typical behavior change program.
Term
compete with
Definition
Another concern with negative reinforcement is that the presence of aversive stimuli can itself generate behaviors that _____ the acquisition of desired behavior.
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