Term
| termination, reduction, or postponement |
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Definition
| Negative reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus contingent on the occurrence of a response, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response. |
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Term
| negative reinforcement contingency |
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Definition
A _____ involves:
(a) an establishing operation (EO) in whose presence escape is reinforcing
(b) a discriminative stimulus (sD) in whose presence a response is more likely to be reinforced
(c) the response that produces reinforcement
(d) termination of the event that served as the EO. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that both lead to an _____ in responding. |
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Term
| contingent stimulus presentation |
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Definition
| Negative reinforcement involves _____. |
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Term
| contingent stimulus termination |
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Definition
| Negative reinforcement involves _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| An escape contingency is one in which responding terminates an_____. |
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Term
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Definition
| An avoidance contingency is one in which responding _____ the presentation of a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| In discriminated avoidance, responding in _____ a signal prevents stimulus presentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| In free-operant avoidance, responding ____ prevents stimulus presentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any response that successfully terminates aversive stimulation will be ____; as a result, a wide range of behaviors may be acquired and maintained by negative reinforcement. |
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Term
| disruptive or dangerous behavior |
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Definition
| Negative reinforcement may play an important role in the development of academic skills, but it also can account for the development of _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconditioned negative reinforcers are stimuli whose removal strengthens behavior in the absence of _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditioned negative reinforcers are stimuli whose removal strengthens behavior as a result of _____ with other negative reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social negative reinforcement involves stimulus termination through the action of _____. |
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Term
| direct result of a response |
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Definition
| Automatic negative reinforcement involves stimulus termination as a direct result of a response. |
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Term
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Definition
Identification of negative reinforcement for a given response will be more effective when:
(a) the stimulus change immediately follows the occurrence of the target response
(b) the magnitude of reinforcement is large
(c) the target response consistently produces escape from or postponement of the EO
(d) reinforcement is unavailable for competing responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Although negative reinforcement is a fundamental principle of learning that has been studied extensively in basic research, applied behavior analysis has heavily emphasized the use of _____ over negative reinforcement. |
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Term
| pediatric feeding problems. |
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Definition
| Applied researchers have explored the therapeutic uses of negative reinforcement in treating _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Improvements in student performance as a result of error correction that involve repeating a learning trial, having the student practice correct performance, or giving the student additional work may be a function of _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of _____ during instruction may function as an EO for escape. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial forms of _____ may include lack of attention or mild forms of disruption. |
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Term
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Definition
| To the extent that positive reinforcement for compliance is less than optimal, escape behaviors may persist and may even _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| One strategy for treating problem behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement is to strengthen a more _____ replacement behavior through negative reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethical concerns about the use of positive and negative reinforcement are similar and arise from the ____ of the antecedent event (EO) that occasions behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most EOs for behavior maintained by negative reinforcement can be viewed as _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extremely noxious events, when presented as antecedent stimuli, _____ be justified as part of a typical behavior change program. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another concern with negative reinforcement is that the presence of aversive stimuli can itself generate behaviors that _____ the acquisition of desired behavior. |
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