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| a contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus |
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| when a response terminates an ongoing stimulus |
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| A contingency in which the occurrence of a response is followed immediately by the termination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, and which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of similar responses. |
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| The establishing operation for behavior maintained by negative reinforcement is an antecedent event in whose presence escape is reinforcing, The discriminitive stimulus (Sd) is another antecedent event in whose presence a response is more likely to be reinforced, the response is the act that produces reinforcement, and the reinforcer is the termination of the event that served as the EO. |
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| Explain the difference between and escape and an avoidance contingency. |
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| The primary difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency is the presence and absence of the aversive stimulus prior to the occurrence of the response. In an escape contingency, the aversive stimulus is present prior to the response, which terminates the aversive stimulus (thus allowing the person to escape that stimulus). In an avoidance contingency, the aversive stimulus is looming but not present prior to the response. The occurrence of the response prevents the presentation of the aversive stimulus (thus allowing the person to avoid that stimulus). |
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| Difference between Preference assessment and reinforcer assessment |
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| A reinforcer assessment is a direct, data-based method of presenting one stimulus contingent upon a response and measuring the extent to which that response increases over time. A reinforcer assessment verifies whether or not a stimulus functions as a reinforcer. A preference assessment measure preference for stimuli, but does not verify whether these stimuli are actually reinforcers or not. |
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Responding in the presence of a signal prevents stimulus presentation, from which escape is a reinforcer.
Example: a tone precedes the presentation of a bright light (aversive). A response in the presentation of the tone prevents the presentation of the light. This responding prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer. |
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| Avoidance behavior is free to occur at any time and will delay the presentation of the aversive. Responding at any time prevents stimulus presentation. |
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| Unconditioned negative reinforcers |
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| stimulus whose removal strengthens behavior in the absence of prior learning |
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| conditioned negative reinforcers |
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| previously neutral events that acquire the effects through pairing with an existing (unconditioned or conditioned) negative reinforcer. |
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| social negative reinforcement |
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| When the actions of someone else remove the aversive stimuli |
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| automatic negative reinforcement |
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| When you remove the aversive stimulus yourself |
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| Ethical considerations for negative reinforcement use |
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| 1. Using aversive events such as deprivations states can constitute undue restriction of rights, 2. Using aversive stimuli can generate behaviors that compete with the acquition of the desired behavior. |
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| Explain the difference between positive and negative reinforcement |
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Definition
| they both lead to an increase in responding. Positive reinforcement involves contingent stimulus presentation, whereas negative reinforcement involves contingent stimulus termination. |
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| Explain the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment |
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| 1. negative reinforcement leads to an increase in responding whereas punishment leads to a decrease in responding. 2. negative reinforcement involves contingent stimulus termination, and punishment involves contingent stimulus presentation. |
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| extinction of behavior maintained by negative reinforcement |
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Definition
| not allowing a response to avoid or terminate its programmed consequence |
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