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| observed without changing the substance into another substance |
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| can only be observed when substance is changed into another |
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| are independent of the amount of the substance that is present |
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| non-numerical observations |
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| depend upon the amount of the substance present |
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| these are changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance |
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| unit used to derive all other units |
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| proximity of a measurement to true value of quantity |
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| proximity of several measurements to each other |
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| J. J. Thompson Experiment |
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| ran electricity in a tube so the rays caused certain materials to light up...concluded the rays are the same regardless of the identity of the cathode material and are negatively charged |
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| shot particles at thin sheet of gold and most passed through the gold foil but some were deflected...concluded that most particles pass through empty space but since some were deflected it means the nucleus is positively charged |
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| atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers |
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| number of protons and electrons |
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| number of neutrons plus protons |
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| give the lowest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound |
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| give the exact number of atoms of each element in a compound |
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| show the order in which atoms are bonded |
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| for pure substances =neutral, metals- oxidation state=group number, non-metals-oxidation state=group number – 8, hydrogen ion- always plus 1 except hydride (OH -), oxygen ion always 2 except peroxide (H2O2 -) |
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| percent element= (number of atoms(atomic weight))/FW of compounds |
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| Determining empirical formula |
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| calculate empirical formula from percent composition, from mass to mole to formula |
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| The Law Of Conservation Of Matter |
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| matter can neither be created nor destroyed |
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| medium in which solvent is dissolved, greater amount, Always water |
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| substance that is dissolved |
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| Indications of rxns occur |
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| precipitation, gas evolving (bubbles), color change, temperature change, water formation |
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| ions in the reactant compounds exchange ions |
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| substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water |
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| Arrhenius/Brønsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases |
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| acids are proton donaters, bases are proton accepters |
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