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| a candidate running for reelection to a position that he or she already holds |
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| holds that a legislator votes based on his conscience and experience |
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| holds that a legislator votes based on what the preferences of his constituents are |
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| sociological representation |
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| representation where the elected official reflects the demographic or social characteristics of his/her constituents |
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| maintains that represetatives who are responsible to the people (and can be hired or fired at their will) are accountable |
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| senators use this to prevent botes |
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| a filibuster ends by cloture vote (2/3 vote or 3/5) |
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| the residents in an area from which an official is elected |
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| redrawing districts after the census |
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| allocating Congressional seats after the census |
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| unfair advantage in redistricting for one group/party |
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| Democratic caucus elects Democratic leaders |
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| Republican conference elects Republican leaders |
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| most important party and legislative leader in the House; influences agenda, legislation, and members; currently John Boehner (republican) |
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| a special committee that doesn't refer legislation to Congress, but focuses on one issue, usually investigations |
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| a committee formed by members of both the House and the Senate; permanent |
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| temporary committees appointed by the Speaker of the House and the presiding officer of the Senate to resolving differences between House and Senate legislation |
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| ranking given to a member of Congress based on number of years of service |
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| provides Congress with resources and expertise. These include: Government Accountability Office and Congressional Budget Office |
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| a proposed law sponsored by a member of Congress and submitted to the clerk of the House or Senate |
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| President has this power to turn down the law |
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| exercising control over executive agencies through the budget process and appropriations |
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| formal charge that a government official has committed "Treason, Bribery, or other High Crime and Misdemeanors." Requires a simple majority vote of the House. 2/3 vote in the Senate. |
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| specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress and to the President |
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| constitutional powers that are assigned to one governmental agency but that are exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first |
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| powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it |
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| the role of the President as commander of the national military and the state National Guard units (when called into service) |
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| 1973- was passed by Congress to curtail unilateral military action by the President- mixed results since |
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| have the force of law, but do not require Congressional "advice and consent" - but must disclose to Congress |
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| the idea that the President's private communicationsare not subject to examination unless he gives permission |
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| helps Congress guide its legislative agenda |
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| head of major departments of the federal government; appointed by President and confirmed by the senate |
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| National Security Council (NSC) |
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| gives the President daily advice on foreign policy and the White House staff for daily briefings |
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| inform the President on military issues |
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| composed of analysts and advisors who help the President make decisions (informal name is "Kitchen Cabinet" |
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| Executive office of the President |
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| the permanent structure of the Presidency- the agencies that perform defined management tasks for the President |
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| when running for office, President may pick a vice presidential candidate different than themselves |
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| when members of different parties control the White House and one or both of the two chambers of Congress |
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| Teddy Roosevelt called the presidency a "bully pulpit" where he could make an issue have national attention simply by being the president and talking about it |
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| just like a company builds up capital or money to make a big investment, the president uses political capital to achieve the policy goals he sets out |
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| FDR had fireside chats with the American people to go into their living rooms and talk policy |
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| the complex structure of offices, tasks, rules and principles of organization that are employed by large institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel |
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| a rule or decision to deal with societal problems |
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| allocate goods/services to members |
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| allocate goods/services from one group to another |
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| regulate behavior and actions |
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| the people and procedures to carry out these policies |
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| 1883-tried to establish a merit system, yet, this was also a victory by elites as most of the reformers were from the upper class |
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| predisposition to grow in staff/budget |
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| the largest subunit of the executive branch. the secretaries of the 15 departments form a cabinet |
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| agency that is not part of a cabinet department |
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| government agency that performs a service normally provided by the private sector |
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| the stable, cooperative relationship that often develops among a congressional committee, an administrative agency, and one or more supportive interest groups. Not all of these relationships are triangular, but the iron triangle is the most typical. |
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| deal with public finance (taxing, spending) |
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| related to banks, currency, interest rates, etc |
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| the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies |
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| the person who brings charges in court |
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| person being charged or sued |
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| refers to the body of rules and precedent created by judges and applied to court decisions that in principle, make up a layer of the law that exists outsided statue and legislation |
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| a legal principle meaning "let the decision stand" whereby courts respect prior decisions that in principle, make up a layer of the law that exists outside statue and legislation |
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| previous decisions that have been made by courts |
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| gives the Court power to declare laws invalid, declare supremacy of federal laws and treaties, and have the final authority on meaning of Constitution |
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| deals with violations of statute set to govern health, safety, morality, or welfare |
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| formal request by appeals court |
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| deals with disputes between individuals or corporations in which no violation of criminal law has occured |
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| 4 justices must agree to hear case |
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| willing to overturn earlier court decisions or public policies with which they disagree in order to advance their view of what the Constitution means |
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| not likely to upset precedent, they prefer to stick with stare decisis and restrain from further interpretation |
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| court of original jurisdiction |
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| the court where the case originates and is responsible for the first decision relating to the facts of the dispute/crime |
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| the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments |
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| the right of an individual or organization to initiate a court case, on the basis of their having a substantial stake in the outcome |
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| the government's top lawyer in all cases where the government is a party |
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| if the solicitar general determines a case is unworthy of SCOTUS, it is very likely the case will be rejected per curiam, or "per the court" |
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| "friend of the court"- petitions, indicating the government has an interest in a case, even if it is not party to the case |
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| the stage in supreme ct procedure in which attorneys for both sides appear before the court to present their positions and answer questions posed by justices |
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| a decision written by a justice in the minority in a particular case in which the justice wishes to express his or her reasoning in the case |
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