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Ch 12 DNA Replication Vocab.
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23
Biology
10th Grade
11/30/2011

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Term
DNA
Definition
Genetics . deoxyribonucleic acid: an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms, constructed of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladderlike arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine: the genetic information of DNA is encoded in the sequence of the bases and is transcribed as the strands unwind and replicate. Compare base pair, gene, genetic code, RNA.
Term
Deoxyribose
Definition
any of certain carbohydrates derived from ribose by the replacement of a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom.
The sugar, HOCH 2 (CHOH) 2 CH 2 CHO, obtained from DNA by hydrolysis.
Term
Phosphat Group
Definition
the group or radical obtained by removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from phosphoric acid.
Term
Double Helix
Definition
the spiral arrangement of the two complementary strands of DNA.
Term
Hydrogen Bond
Definition
a type of chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom that has a covalent link with one of the electronegative atoms (F, N, O) forms an electrostatic link with another electronegative atom in the same or another molecule.
Term
Base Pairing Rules
Definition
constraints imposed by the molecular structure of DNA and RNA on the formation of hydrogen bonds among the four purine and pyrimidine bases such that adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
Term
Guanine
Definition
a purine base, C 5 H 5 N 5 O, that is a fundamental constituent of DNA and RNA, in which it forms base pairs with cytosine. Symbol: G
Term
Thymine
Definition
a pyrimidine base, C 5 H 6 N 2 O 2 , that is one of the principal components of DNA, in which it is paired with adenine. Symbol: T
Term
DNA Helicase
Definition
any of various enzymes that catalyze the unwinding and separation of double-stranded DNA or RNA during its replication
Term
DNA Polymerase
Definition
any of a class of enzymes involved in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid from its deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors.
Term
Semi-Conservative Replication
Definition
1/2 the old and 1/2 the new DNA
Term
Lagging Strand
Definition
In DNA replication, the strand that is synthesized apparently in the 3' to 5' direction, but actually in the 5' to 3' direction by ligating short fragments synthesized individually. Strand of DNA being replicated discontinuously. See also leading strand.
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
any of a group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA or RNA: composed of a phosphate group, the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, and a pentose sugar, in RNA the thymine base being replaced by uracil.
Term
Nitrogenous Base
Definition
Chemistry, Biochemistry . a nitrogen-containing organic compound that has the chemical properties of a base, especially a pyrimidine or purine: Four nitrogen bases are present in a DNA molecule.
Term
Complementary Base Pair
Definition
The standard arrangement of bases in nucleotides in relation to their opposite pairing, such as thymine being paired with adenine and cytosine paired with guanine.
Term
Base Sequence
Definition
A-T
C-G
Term
Adenine
Definition
Biochemistry . a purine base, C 5 H 5 N 5 , one of the fundamental components of nucleic acids, as DNA, in which it forms a base pair with thymine, and RNA, in which it pairs with uracil. Symbol: A
Term
Cytosine
Definition
a pyrimidine base, C 4 H 5 N 3 O, that is one of the fundamental components of DNA and RNA, in which it forms a base pair with guanine. Symbol: C
Term
Replication
Definition
Genetics . the process by which double-stranded DNA makes copies of itself, each strand, as it separates, synthesizing a complementary strand.
Term
Replication Fork
Definition
a Y-shaped part of a chromosome that is the site for DNA strand separation and then duplication
Term
Mutation
Definition
a. a sudden departure from the parent type in one or more heritable characteristics, caused by a change in a gene or a chromosome.
b. an individual, species, or the like, resulting from such a departure.
Term
Enzyme
Definition
any of various proteins, as pepsin, originating from living cells and capable of producing certain chemical changes in organic substances by catalytic action, as in digestion.
Term
Leading Strand
Definition
Strand of DNA being replicated continuously. In DNA replication, the strand that is made in the 5' to 3' direction by continuous polymerization at the 3' growing tip.
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