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| Major components of motor system |
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Definition
| cerebrum, brainstem, and spinal cord |
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| movement modules preprogrammed by the brain and produced as a unit |
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| injuries to prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
| break social and legal rules because they don’t have the decision-making ability (its faulty) |
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| damaged to pre-motor cortex |
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Definition
| sequences cannot be coordination and goals cannot be accomplished |
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| cell in the primate pre-motor cortex that fires when an individual observes a specific action taken by another individual |
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| damage to primary motor cortex |
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| people have difficulty shaping fingers correctly to perform a precision |
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| condition in which a patient is aware and awake but cannot move or communicate verbally due to complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles except the eye |
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| group of brain disorders that result from brain damage; acquired prenatally (at or near birth) |
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| paralysis of legs and arms due to spinal cord injury |
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| paralysis of legs due to spinal cord injury |
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| automatic response in which an animal’s hind limb reaches to remove a stimulus from the surface of the body |
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Definition
| representation of the human body in the sensory or motor cortex (topographical organization of the body by a neural area) |
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| restraint induced therapy |
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Definition
| procedure in which restraint of a healthy limb forces a patient to use an impaired limb to enhance recovery of function |
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Definition
| bundle of nerve fibers directly connecting the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, branching at the brainstem into an opposite-side lateral tract that informs movement of limbs and digits and a same-side ventral tract that informs movement of the trunk |
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Term
| lateral corticospinal tract |
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Definition
| moves limbs and digits on the body’s right side. Fibers that cross to the opposite side of the brainstem descend the spinal cord in a lateral position |
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Term
| ventral corticopsinal tract |
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Definition
| – moves muscles at the body’s midline. Fibers that remain on their original side continue from the brainstem down spinal cord into ventral |
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Term
| spinal cord contains 2 kinds of neurons |
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Definition
| motor neurons and interneurons |
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Definition
| moves/extends the limb away from the trunk |
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| moves/flexes limb toward the trunk |
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Definition
| a large cluster of nuclei that extends a tail into temporal lobe, ending in the amygdale |
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Term
| Basal ganglia receives input from 2 main sources |
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Definition
o All areas of the neocortex, limbic and motor cortex project to the basal ganglia
o The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system projects to the basal ganglia from substantia nigra (cluster of dark pigmented cells in the midbrain |
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Definition
| symptom of brain damage that results in excessive involuntary movements (Tourettes). Errors of too much forces, excessive movement |
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Definition
symptom of brain damage that results in a paucity of movement (Parkinson’s)
. Errors of too little force, insufficient movement |
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Definition
| Does not abolish any movement but does disrupt the timing and execution of movement |
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Definition
| skin that doesn’t have hair follicles but contains large numbers of sensory receptors than do other skin areas (ex hair on palms, feet, lips and tongue) |
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Definition
| perception of pain, temperature and itch |
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Definition
| perceptual ability to discriminate objects on the basis of touch |
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Definition
| of the position and movement of body, limbs and head |
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Term
| rapidly adapting receptor |
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Definition
| body sensory receptor that responds briefly to the onset of a stimulus on the body |
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Definition
| body sensory receptor that responds as long as a sensory stimulus is on the body |
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Term
| dorsal root ganglion nerves |
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Definition
| Contain a long single dendrite. only the tip is reponsive to sensory stimulation. |
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Definition
| loss of incoming sensory input usually due to the damage to sensory fibers; also loss of any afferent input to a structure |
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Term
| Dorsal spinothalamic tract |
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Definition
| pathway that carries find touch and pressure fibers |
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Definition
| parts of the thalamus that carries information about body sense to the somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| 3 relay neurons are required to carry haptic-propricoeptive information to the brain |
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Definition
| DRGN, dorsal-column nuclei neurons and thalamic neurons |
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Term
| Ventral Spinothalamic Tract |
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Definition
| pathway from the spinal cord to the thalamus that carries information about pain and temperature |
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Term
| 3 groups of neurons are required to convey nocioceptive information to the brain |
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Definition
| dorsal-root neurons, spinal cord grey matter neurons and ventrolateral thalamic neurons |
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Definition
| reflex requiring one synapse between sensory input and movement |
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Definition
| activities in different sensory pathways play off against each other and determine whether and how much pain is perceived as a result of an injury |
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Definition
| hypothetical neural circuit in which activity in fine touch and pressure pathways diminishes the activity in pain and temperature pathways |
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Definition
| somatosesory system that comprises a set of receptors in each inner ear that responds to body position and to movement of the head |
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Definition
| disorder of the middle ear resulting in vertigo and loss of balance |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
| receives projections from the thalamus Begins the process of constructing perceptions from somatosensory information. Mainly consists of postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe, lies adjacent to the primary motor cortex |
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Term
| Secondary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
| ocated in the parietal lobe behind primary somatosensory cortex. It refines perceptual construction and sends information to the frontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to make voluntary movements in the absence of paralysis or other motor or sensory impairment, especially an inability to make proper use of an object |
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