Term
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Definition
| reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (i.e. scratching an insect bite relieves the itch) |
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| A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior. Sometimes called Grandma's law. |
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Definition
| A basic principle of behavior describing a response-consequence functional relation in which a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often. Empirically demonstrated functional relations between a stimulus change (consequence) immediately following a response and an increase in the future frequency of similar responses. Changes the function of stimuli that immediately precede it. |
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Definition
| A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it. |
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Definition
| Refers to a variety of direct, empirical methods for presenting one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and measuring their effectiveness as reinforcers. |
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Term
| stimulus preference assessment |
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Definition
| A variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference values (high versus low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference values remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers. |
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Definition
| A response followed immediately by the presenta-tion of a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often. |
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Definition
| A stimulus whose presentation or onset functions as reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal description of a behavioral contingency. a persons' behavior can come under the control of consequences that are too delayed to influence behavior directly |
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Term
| Discriminative Stimulus (Sd) |
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Definition
| a stimulus in the presence of which response of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of response have occurred and not been reinforced. An antecedent stimulus correlated with the availability of reinforcement. Responding in the presence of the __ produced reinforcement, responding in the absence of the __ (stimulus delta) does not produce reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| an operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others. A ____ _____ is the product of a conditioning history in which responses in the presence of the discriminated stimulus (Sd) produced reinforcement while similar responses in the absence of the Sd (stimulus delta) were not reinforced. An operant response that is under the stimulus control of a discriminative stimulus. |
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Term
| motivating operation (MO) |
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Definition
| An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event. The momentary effectiveness of any stimulus change as reinforcement depends on an existing level of motivation with respect to the stimulus change in question. |
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Term
| Establishing Operation (EO) |
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Definition
| A motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer. What an individual wants at any particular moment. |
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Definition
| a motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event |
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Term
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Definition
| accidentally or coincidentally reinforced behavior. Behavior has no influence on whether reinforcement follows. |
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Term
| arbitrariness of reinforcement |
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Definition
| critical temporal relation between behavior and consequence results in acquisition and maintenance of whatever behavior is being reinforced. |
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Term
| Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing |
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Definition
| when 2 stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with 1+ reinforcer (aka secondary or learned reinforcer)
A previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers. |
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Term
| generalized conditioned reinforcer |
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Definition
| A conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on a current establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness. Occurs simultaneously with many reinforcers. |
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Term
| Classification of reinforcers by formal properties |
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Definition
| edible, sensory, tangible, activity, social |
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Term
| Response-Deprivation Hypothesis |
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Definition
A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement. (See also Premack principle.)
Restricting access to a behavior presumably acts as a form of deprivation that serves as an EO, thus making the opportunity to engage in the restricted behavior an effective form of reinforcement. |
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Term
| Stimulus preference assessment vs reinforcer assessment |
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Definition
| 1. identifies stimuli that are likely to serve as reinforcers, and 2. puts the potential reinforcers to a direct test. |
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Term
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Definition
| any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space, can be emitted at any time, discrete, requires minimal time to complete, and can produce a wide range of response rates (i.e. the # of words read during a 1-min counting period). As in: ___ ____ observation=observing and recording what activities the target person engages in when she can choose during a period of unrestricted access to numerous activities. |
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Term
| Types of trial-based preference assessments |
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Definition
single-stimulus/successive choice= one item at a time.
paired stimuli/forced choice=two items at a time, each being matched randomly with all other items in set.
Multiple stimuli with replacement=
Multiple stimuli without replacement/brief stimulus assessment= |
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Term
| Concurrent Schedule (conc) of reinforcement |
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Definition
| 2+ contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for 2+ behaviors |
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Term
| Concurrent schedule reinforcer assessment |
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Definition
| compares two stimuli being used as reinforcement to see which will produce the larger increase in responding. |
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Term
| Multiple schedule of reinforcement (mult) |
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Definition
| consisting of 2+ basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; a Sd is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time. |
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Term
| Progressive ratio schedule reinforcer assessment |
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Definition
| Response requirements for reinforcement are increased systematically over time, independent of participants behavior. Practitioner gradually requires more responses per presentation of the reinforcer until the response rate declines. |
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Term
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Definition
| the absence of the contingency. baseline. Phase A. |
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Term
| Non-contingent Reinforcement (NCR) Reversal Technique |
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Definition
| uses NCR as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition; this shows that if the behavior changes it is b/c of the contingency not the contact with the reinforcement. Limitation is persistent responding. |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaivor (DRO) |
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Definition
| reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times (ie momentary DRO). Any behavior OTHER than |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) |
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Definition
| A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior. One specific alternative behavior |
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Term
| Direct reinforcement contingency |
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Definition
| emitting the target response produces direct access to the reinforcer, does not require any intervening steps, such as someone handing the reinforcer over |
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Term
| Indirect reinforcement contingency |
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Definition
| Does not directly produce reinforcement. Practitioner presents the reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| supplementary antecedent stimuli used to occasion a correct response in the presence of a behavior that will eventually control the behavior. |
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