Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Ch 11 Endocrine
EVMS Ch11 Endocrine
135
Physiology
Graduate
05/03/2011

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
endocrine glands
Definition
are ductless and secrete hormones into bloodstream
Term
neurohormones
Definition
are secreted into the blood by specialized neurons
Term
hormones
Definition
affect metabolism of targets
Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition
Major hormone is Leptin, primary target is hypothalamus, effects to suppress appetite
Term
adrenal cortex
Definition
major hormones - glucocorticoids, aldosterone, target- liver, muscle, and kidney, primary effects, influence glucose metabolism, promote Na retention K excretion
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
major hormone- epinephrine, target- heart, bronchioles, and blood vessels, effect- causes adrenergic stimulation
Term
Heart
Definition
hormone- atrial natriuretic hormone, target- kidney, effect- promotes excretion of Na in urine
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
hormone- releasing and inhibiting hormones, target - anterior pituitary, effects-regulates secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
Term
small intestine
Definition
hormones- secretin and cholecystokinin, target-stomach, liver, and pancreas, effect-inhibits gastric motility and stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion
Term
islets of langerhans
Definition
hormones- insulin and glucagon, target-many tissues, liver and adipose tissue, effects-uptake of glucose, formation of glycogen and fat or glycogen and fat hydrolysis
Term
kidneys
Definition
hormone-erythropoietin, target-bone marrow, effect- stimulates RBC production
Term
liver
Definition
Hormone-somatomedins, target-cartilage, effect -cell devision and growth
Term
Ovaries
Definition
hormones- estradiol 17B, progesterone, target-female reproductive tract and mammary glands, effect-maintains structure of reproductivee tract and promotes secondary sex characteristics
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
hormone-parathyroid hormone, target-bone, cmall intestine, and kidneys, effect-increases Ca in blood
Term
Pineal gland
Definition
hormone-melatonin, target-hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, effects-affects secretion of gonadotrophic hormones
Term
anterior pituitary
Definition
hormones- trophic hormones, target-endocrine glands and other organs, effects-stimulates growth and development of target organs, stimulates secretion of other hormones
Term
posterior pituitary
Definition
hormones- antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, target-kidneys and blood vessels, uterus and mammary glands, effects-water retention, vasoconstriction, contraction of uterus and mammary secretory units
Term
skin
Definition
hormone-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, target-small intestine, effect-adsorb Ca
Term
stomach
Definition
hormone-gastrin, target-stomach, effect-stimulate acid secretion
Term
Testes
Definition
hormone-testerone, target hormones-prostate, seminal vesicles and other organs, effect- stimulates secondary sexual development
Term
thymus
Definition
hormmone-thymopoitin, target-lymph nodes, effect-WBC production
Term
Thyroid gland
Definition
hormones-T4, T3, calcitonin, target-most organs, effects-growth and development, basal rate of cell respiration, regulate blood Ca
Term
autocrine regulators
Definition
are produced and act within same tissue or cell of an organ
Term
autocrines
Definition
all control gene expression in target cells
Term
paracrine regulators
Definition
are autocrines that are produced within one tissue or cell and act on a different tissue or cell
Term
neutrophins
Definition
provides trophic support for normal and regenerating neurons
Term
Amine
Definition
hormones thhat are derived from tyrosine or tryptophan, incude NE, Epi, thyroxine, melatonin
Term
Polypeptide and protein
Definition
hormones are chaines of AAs, include ADH, GH, insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, ACTH, PTH
Term
Glycoproteins
Definition
include LH, FSH, TSH
Term
steroids
Definition
lipids derived from cholesterol, progesterone, esterogen, testosterone, aldosterone, and cortisol
Term
Progesterone
Definition
steroid secreted by corpus luteum of ovaries
Term
Testerone
Definition
secreted by Leydig cells of testes, steroid
Term
estradiol-17B
Definition
secreted by follicles of ovaries, steroid
Term
Cortisol
Definition
steroids, secreted by adrenal cortex
Term
steroid and thyroid hormones
Definition
hormones that are lipids, can diffuse into target cells
Term
prohormones
Definition
precursors of homones
Term
prehormones
Definition
are precursors of prohormones
Term
T4
Definition
inactive until converted to T3 in target cells
Term
differance of homones from NTs
Definition
are transported in the blood and have more diverse effects on targets
Term
synergistic effect
Definition
if two hormones work together to produce a larger effect together than indivitually
Term
permissive effect
Definition
if it enhances responsiveness of a target organ to 2nd hormone
Term
antagonistic effect
Definition
if action of 1 hormone inhibits effect of another
Term
half-life
Definition
the time required for blood level to be reduced by half, usually min to hours (thyroid hormones days)
Term
physiological range
Definition
normal tissue responses are produced only when hormones are in
Term
high pharmacological doses
Definition
can cause side effects, bind different but closely related other hormones
Term
priming effect
Definition
occurs when a hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cells
Term
desensitization
Definition
occurs after long exposure to high levels of polypeptide hormone, subsequent exposure-less response, decrease receptors
Term
pulsatile secretion
Definition
most peptide hormones have this to prevent downregulation
Term
specificity, high affinity
Definition
target cell receptors show..... for a hormone
Term
lipophilic hormones
Definition
have receptors in targets cytoplasm or nucleus because homones can diffuse through plasma membrane
Term
genomic action, protracted effect
Definition
their target is the nucleus where they affect transcription
Term
nongenomic action
Definition
when steroids act on cell surface receptors
Term
hydrophilic hormones
Definition
receptors are on the surface of the target cell, effects through 2nd messengers, effects are quick
Term
nuclear homone receptors
Definition
bind to lipid horomone after the hormone crosses the plasma membrane, serve as a transcription factor.
Term
nuclear hormone receptors
Definition
constitute a superfamily composed of steroid family and thyroid hormone family, includes vitamin D and retinoic acid
Term
ligand-binding and DNA binding domains
Definition
the two types of binding domains found on nuclear hormone receptors
Term
hormone-response element
Definition
where the nuclear hormone binds on DNA, located adjacent to the target gene, consists of two half-sites where the receptor dimerizes to stimulate transcription
Term
90% T4 10% T3
Definition
Thyroid secretes, only free can enter cells
Term
thyroid binding globulin (TBG)
Definition
the carrier protein in the blood for T4 and T3, serves as a reservoir
Term
T4
Definition
converted to T3 in the cell
Term
retinoic acid
Definition
binds the other half site that on the HRE site that T3 binds to
Term
cAMP
Definition
mediates effects of many polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones
Term
G protein
Definition
horomone binds to receptor causeing dissociation of a
Term
adenylate cyclase
Definition
g-protein subunit binds to and activates this, coverts ATP into cAMP
Term
protein kinase
Definition
cAMP attaches to inhibitory subunit of this protein, and the inhibitory subunit dissassociate to activate this protein, phosphorylates enzymes that produces the hormone's effects
Term
phosphodiesterase
Definition
cAMP is inactivated by
Term
phospholipase C
Definition
serves as a 2nd messenger system for some hormones, activated when hormone binds and activates g-protein, this then splits a membrane phospholipid
Term
IP3
Definition
split from phospholipase C, diffuses through cytoplasm to ER and causes Ca channels to open
Term
calmodulin
Definition
Ca diffuses into cytoplasm and binds to and activates
Term
Ca-Calmodulin
Definition
activates protein kinases which phosphorylates enzymes that produce hormones effects in Phospholipase C pathway
Term
cAMP and phospholipase C
Definition
The two 2nd messengers that Epinephrine activates
Term
tyrosine kinase
Definition
used by insulin and many growth factors as the surface receptor, forms an dimer when activated, phosphorylates signaling molecules that induce hormone/growth factor effects
Term
GLUT4
Definition
insulin stimulates glucose uptake by means of what carrier protein
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
located beneath hypothalamus at base of forebrain
Term
infundibulum
Definition
pituitary gland hangs below the hypothalamus by the
Term
anterior pituitary
Definition
produces own hormones and is controlled by hypothalamus
Term
posterior pituitary
Definition
stores and releases hormones made in hypothalamus, vasopressin and oxytocin
Term
trophic hormones
Definition
anterior pituitary, secretes 6 of these, that maintain size of targets, high levels in blood cause target to hypertrophy, low levels cause atrophy
Term
growth hormone
Definition
trophic hormone that promotes growth, protein synthesis, and movement of amino acids into cells
Term
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
trophic hormone, that stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T4 and T3
Term
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH
Definition
trophic hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aldosterone
Term
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
trophic hormone that stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production
Term
luteinizing hormone LH
Definition
trophic hormone that causes ovulation and secretion of testosterone in testes
Term
prolactin PRL
Definition
trophic hormone that stimulates milk production by mammary glands
Term
releasing factors, inhibiting factors, and by feedback
Definition
release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by
Term
median eminence
Definition
releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus are released from axon endings into capillary bed in the
Term
hypothalamohypophyseal portal
Definition
the releasing and inhibiting hormones are carried by this directly to another capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to diffuse and regulate its secretion of its hormones
Term
short feed back loop of hypothalamic-pituitary, gonad axis
Definition
retrograde flow of blood and hormones from A. Pit to hypothalamus inhibits secretion of releasing hormone
Term
negative feedback loop on anterior pituitary control
Definition
feedback from target gland hormones on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Term
positive feedback
Definition
during menstrual cycle estrogen stimulates LH surge on hypothalamus and anteriour pituitary
Term
higher brain centers
Definition
hypothalamus receives input from, that can affect A Pit secretion, emotional states can affect rhythms, menstral cycle and adrenal hormones
Term
ADH
Definition
stored in P. Pit and promotes H2O conservation by kidneys
Term
oxytocin
Definition
stored in P. Pit, stimulates contractions of uterus during parturition and contractions of mammary gland alveoli for milk-ejection reflex
Term
supraoptic nuclei
Definition
part of hypothalamus that produces ADH
Term
paraventricular nuclei
Definition
part of hypothalamus that produces oxytocin
Term
neuroendocrine reflexes
Definition
ADH and oxytocin release from P. Pit is controlled by the hypothalamus
Term
adrenal gland
Definition
sits on kidneys, has outer cortex and inner medulla that arise differently during development
Term
ACTH
Definition
adrenal cortex is controled by
Term
Cortisol
Definition
secreted by adrenal cortex, inhibits glucose utilization and stimulates gluconeogenesis
Term
aldosterone
Definition
secreted by adrenal cortex which stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Na and secrete K
Term
sex steroids
Definition
the adrenal cortex also releases some supplementary...
Term
80% epinephrine, 20% NE
Definition
synthesized and secreted by adrenal medulla
Term
epinephrine
Definition
effects last 10 times longer
Term
NE and E secretion
Definition
controled by sympathetic division of ANS(preganglionic)
Term
fight or flight response
Definition
causes increase respiration rate, increased HR and cardiac output, general vasoconstriction which increases venous return, glycogenolysis and lipolysis
Term
general adaptation syndrom GAS
Definition
stress induces a non-specific response called, casuses ACTH and cortisol release
Term
Chronic stress
Definition
can cause hippocampus atrophy, insulin resistance, inhibition of vagas nerve, and suppression of growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and gonadotropins
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
located below the larynx, secretes T3 and T4
Term
T3 and T4
Definition
set BMR and are needed for growth and development
Term
thyroid follicles
Definition
thyroid consists of microscopic
Term
follicle cells
Definition
outer layer of thyroid gland that synthesize T4
Term
colloid
Definition
interior fille with this in thyroid, a protein rich fluid
Term
Iodide
Definition
in blood is actively transported into follicles and secreted into colloid
Term
thyroglobulin
Definition
iodide is oxidized to iodine in colloid and is attached to tyrosines of, large stroage molecule for T4 and T3
Term
TSH
Definition
stimulates hydrolysis of T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin and then secretion
Term
goiter
Definition
iodide insufficiency, increase in TSH levels and growth of thyroid gland
Term
hypothyroid
Definition
people with inadequate levels of T4 and T3, have low BMR, weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance, myxedema
Term
myxedema
Definition
puffy face hands and feet
Term
cretenism
Definition
during fetal development hypothyroidism can cause, this is severe mental retardation
Term
Grave's disease
Definition
also causes goiters, autoimmune disease where antibodies act like TSH and stimulate thyroid gland to grow and oversecrete, characterized by exopthalmos, weight loss, heat intolerance, irritability, high BMR
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
4 glands embedded in lateral lobes of post. side of thyroid gland, secrete PTH
Term
parathyroid hormone PTH
Definition
most important hormone for control of blood Ca levels, release stimulated by low blood Ca, acts on bones, kidney, and intestines to increase blood Ca levels
Term
islets of langerhans
Definition
scattered clusters of endocrine cells in pancreas, contains alpha and beta cells
Term
alpha cells
Definition
secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose, stimulates glycogenolysis, and lipolysis, increases blood glucose
Term
beta cells
Definition
secret insulin in response to high blood glucose levels, promotes glucose entry into cells and glycogen and fat synthesis, decreases blood glucose levels
Term
pineal gland
Definition
located in the basal forebrain near the thalamus, secretes melatonin
Term
suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN
Definition
activity promotes secretion of melatonin, primary timing center for circadian rhythms, reset by light changes
Term
melatonin
Definition
involved in aligning physiology with sleep/wake cycle and seasons, secreted at night and inhibited by light, implicated in jet lag
Term
small intestine hormones
Definition
act on GI tract itself, gallbladder, and pancreas, act in convert with ANS to coordinate regions of GI tract and pancreatic juice and bile
Term
gonads
Definition
secrete steroid hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
Term
placenta
Definition
secretes estrogen, progesterone, hCG and somatomammotropin
Term
prostaglandins
Definition
eicosanoid family, from arachidonic acid, smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, clotting or inhibit clotting, inflammatory process, ovulations, inhibit gastric secretion
Term
COX1,2
Definition
involved in PG synthesis, target of NSAIDS
Term
COX1 and COX2
Definition
aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen inhibit these causeing side effects
Term
COX2
Definition
celebrex and vioxx inhibit this and thus will have few side effects in the gastric mucosa
Supporting users have an ad free experience!