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| are ductless and secrete hormones into bloodstream |
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| are secreted into the blood by specialized neurons |
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| affect metabolism of targets |
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| Major hormone is Leptin, primary target is hypothalamus, effects to suppress appetite |
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| major hormones - glucocorticoids, aldosterone, target- liver, muscle, and kidney, primary effects, influence glucose metabolism, promote Na retention K excretion |
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| major hormone- epinephrine, target- heart, bronchioles, and blood vessels, effect- causes adrenergic stimulation |
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| hormone- atrial natriuretic hormone, target- kidney, effect- promotes excretion of Na in urine |
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| hormone- releasing and inhibiting hormones, target - anterior pituitary, effects-regulates secretion of anterior pituitary hormones |
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| hormones- secretin and cholecystokinin, target-stomach, liver, and pancreas, effect-inhibits gastric motility and stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion |
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| hormones- insulin and glucagon, target-many tissues, liver and adipose tissue, effects-uptake of glucose, formation of glycogen and fat or glycogen and fat hydrolysis |
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| hormone-erythropoietin, target-bone marrow, effect- stimulates RBC production |
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| Hormone-somatomedins, target-cartilage, effect -cell devision and growth |
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| hormones- estradiol 17B, progesterone, target-female reproductive tract and mammary glands, effect-maintains structure of reproductivee tract and promotes secondary sex characteristics |
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| hormone-parathyroid hormone, target-bone, cmall intestine, and kidneys, effect-increases Ca in blood |
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| hormone-melatonin, target-hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, effects-affects secretion of gonadotrophic hormones |
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| hormones- trophic hormones, target-endocrine glands and other organs, effects-stimulates growth and development of target organs, stimulates secretion of other hormones |
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| hormones- antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, target-kidneys and blood vessels, uterus and mammary glands, effects-water retention, vasoconstriction, contraction of uterus and mammary secretory units |
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| hormone-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, target-small intestine, effect-adsorb Ca |
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| hormone-gastrin, target-stomach, effect-stimulate acid secretion |
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| hormone-testerone, target hormones-prostate, seminal vesicles and other organs, effect- stimulates secondary sexual development |
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| hormmone-thymopoitin, target-lymph nodes, effect-WBC production |
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| hormones-T4, T3, calcitonin, target-most organs, effects-growth and development, basal rate of cell respiration, regulate blood Ca |
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| are produced and act within same tissue or cell of an organ |
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| all control gene expression in target cells |
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| are autocrines that are produced within one tissue or cell and act on a different tissue or cell |
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| provides trophic support for normal and regenerating neurons |
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| hormones thhat are derived from tyrosine or tryptophan, incude NE, Epi, thyroxine, melatonin |
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| hormones are chaines of AAs, include ADH, GH, insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, ACTH, PTH |
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| lipids derived from cholesterol, progesterone, esterogen, testosterone, aldosterone, and cortisol |
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| steroid secreted by corpus luteum of ovaries |
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| secreted by Leydig cells of testes, steroid |
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| secreted by follicles of ovaries, steroid |
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| steroids, secreted by adrenal cortex |
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| steroid and thyroid hormones |
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Definition
| hormones that are lipids, can diffuse into target cells |
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| are precursors of prohormones |
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| inactive until converted to T3 in target cells |
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| differance of homones from NTs |
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Definition
| are transported in the blood and have more diverse effects on targets |
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| if two hormones work together to produce a larger effect together than indivitually |
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| if it enhances responsiveness of a target organ to 2nd hormone |
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| if action of 1 hormone inhibits effect of another |
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| the time required for blood level to be reduced by half, usually min to hours (thyroid hormones days) |
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| normal tissue responses are produced only when hormones are in |
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| high pharmacological doses |
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| can cause side effects, bind different but closely related other hormones |
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| occurs when a hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cells |
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| occurs after long exposure to high levels of polypeptide hormone, subsequent exposure-less response, decrease receptors |
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| most peptide hormones have this to prevent downregulation |
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| specificity, high affinity |
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Definition
| target cell receptors show..... for a hormone |
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| have receptors in targets cytoplasm or nucleus because homones can diffuse through plasma membrane |
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| genomic action, protracted effect |
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Definition
| their target is the nucleus where they affect transcription |
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| when steroids act on cell surface receptors |
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| receptors are on the surface of the target cell, effects through 2nd messengers, effects are quick |
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Definition
| bind to lipid horomone after the hormone crosses the plasma membrane, serve as a transcription factor. |
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| nuclear hormone receptors |
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Definition
| constitute a superfamily composed of steroid family and thyroid hormone family, includes vitamin D and retinoic acid |
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| ligand-binding and DNA binding domains |
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Definition
| the two types of binding domains found on nuclear hormone receptors |
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| where the nuclear hormone binds on DNA, located adjacent to the target gene, consists of two half-sites where the receptor dimerizes to stimulate transcription |
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| Thyroid secretes, only free can enter cells |
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| thyroid binding globulin (TBG) |
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Definition
| the carrier protein in the blood for T4 and T3, serves as a reservoir |
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| converted to T3 in the cell |
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| binds the other half site that on the HRE site that T3 binds to |
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| mediates effects of many polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones |
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| horomone binds to receptor causeing dissociation of a |
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Definition
| g-protein subunit binds to and activates this, coverts ATP into cAMP |
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| cAMP attaches to inhibitory subunit of this protein, and the inhibitory subunit dissassociate to activate this protein, phosphorylates enzymes that produces the hormone's effects |
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| serves as a 2nd messenger system for some hormones, activated when hormone binds and activates g-protein, this then splits a membrane phospholipid |
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| split from phospholipase C, diffuses through cytoplasm to ER and causes Ca channels to open |
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| Ca diffuses into cytoplasm and binds to and activates |
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| activates protein kinases which phosphorylates enzymes that produce hormones effects in Phospholipase C pathway |
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| The two 2nd messengers that Epinephrine activates |
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Definition
| used by insulin and many growth factors as the surface receptor, forms an dimer when activated, phosphorylates signaling molecules that induce hormone/growth factor effects |
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| insulin stimulates glucose uptake by means of what carrier protein |
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| located beneath hypothalamus at base of forebrain |
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| pituitary gland hangs below the hypothalamus by the |
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| produces own hormones and is controlled by hypothalamus |
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| stores and releases hormones made in hypothalamus, vasopressin and oxytocin |
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| anterior pituitary, secretes 6 of these, that maintain size of targets, high levels in blood cause target to hypertrophy, low levels cause atrophy |
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Definition
| trophic hormone that promotes growth, protein synthesis, and movement of amino acids into cells |
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| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| trophic hormone, that stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T4 and T3 |
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| Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH |
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Definition
| trophic hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aldosterone |
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| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| trophic hormone that stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production |
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Definition
| trophic hormone that causes ovulation and secretion of testosterone in testes |
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| trophic hormone that stimulates milk production by mammary glands |
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| releasing factors, inhibiting factors, and by feedback |
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Definition
| release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by |
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Definition
| releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus are released from axon endings into capillary bed in the |
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| hypothalamohypophyseal portal |
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Definition
| the releasing and inhibiting hormones are carried by this directly to another capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to diffuse and regulate its secretion of its hormones |
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| short feed back loop of hypothalamic-pituitary, gonad axis |
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Definition
| retrograde flow of blood and hormones from A. Pit to hypothalamus inhibits secretion of releasing hormone |
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| negative feedback loop on anterior pituitary control |
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Definition
| feedback from target gland hormones on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus |
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Definition
| during menstrual cycle estrogen stimulates LH surge on hypothalamus and anteriour pituitary |
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| hypothalamus receives input from, that can affect A Pit secretion, emotional states can affect rhythms, menstral cycle and adrenal hormones |
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| stored in P. Pit and promotes H2O conservation by kidneys |
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| stored in P. Pit, stimulates contractions of uterus during parturition and contractions of mammary gland alveoli for milk-ejection reflex |
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| part of hypothalamus that produces ADH |
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| part of hypothalamus that produces oxytocin |
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| ADH and oxytocin release from P. Pit is controlled by the hypothalamus |
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| sits on kidneys, has outer cortex and inner medulla that arise differently during development |
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| adrenal cortex is controled by |
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| secreted by adrenal cortex, inhibits glucose utilization and stimulates gluconeogenesis |
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| secreted by adrenal cortex which stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Na and secrete K |
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| the adrenal cortex also releases some supplementary... |
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| synthesized and secreted by adrenal medulla |
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| effects last 10 times longer |
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| controled by sympathetic division of ANS(preganglionic) |
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| causes increase respiration rate, increased HR and cardiac output, general vasoconstriction which increases venous return, glycogenolysis and lipolysis |
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| general adaptation syndrom GAS |
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Definition
| stress induces a non-specific response called, casuses ACTH and cortisol release |
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Definition
| can cause hippocampus atrophy, insulin resistance, inhibition of vagas nerve, and suppression of growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and gonadotropins |
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Definition
| located below the larynx, secretes T3 and T4 |
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Definition
| set BMR and are needed for growth and development |
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Definition
| thyroid consists of microscopic |
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| outer layer of thyroid gland that synthesize T4 |
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| interior fille with this in thyroid, a protein rich fluid |
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| in blood is actively transported into follicles and secreted into colloid |
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Definition
| iodide is oxidized to iodine in colloid and is attached to tyrosines of, large stroage molecule for T4 and T3 |
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Definition
| stimulates hydrolysis of T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin and then secretion |
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| iodide insufficiency, increase in TSH levels and growth of thyroid gland |
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| people with inadequate levels of T4 and T3, have low BMR, weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance, myxedema |
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| puffy face hands and feet |
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| during fetal development hypothyroidism can cause, this is severe mental retardation |
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| also causes goiters, autoimmune disease where antibodies act like TSH and stimulate thyroid gland to grow and oversecrete, characterized by exopthalmos, weight loss, heat intolerance, irritability, high BMR |
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| 4 glands embedded in lateral lobes of post. side of thyroid gland, secrete PTH |
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| most important hormone for control of blood Ca levels, release stimulated by low blood Ca, acts on bones, kidney, and intestines to increase blood Ca levels |
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| scattered clusters of endocrine cells in pancreas, contains alpha and beta cells |
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| secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose, stimulates glycogenolysis, and lipolysis, increases blood glucose |
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| secret insulin in response to high blood glucose levels, promotes glucose entry into cells and glycogen and fat synthesis, decreases blood glucose levels |
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| located in the basal forebrain near the thalamus, secretes melatonin |
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| suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN |
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Definition
| activity promotes secretion of melatonin, primary timing center for circadian rhythms, reset by light changes |
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| involved in aligning physiology with sleep/wake cycle and seasons, secreted at night and inhibited by light, implicated in jet lag |
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| act on GI tract itself, gallbladder, and pancreas, act in convert with ANS to coordinate regions of GI tract and pancreatic juice and bile |
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Definition
| secrete steroid hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone |
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| secretes estrogen, progesterone, hCG and somatomammotropin |
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| eicosanoid family, from arachidonic acid, smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, clotting or inhibit clotting, inflammatory process, ovulations, inhibit gastric secretion |
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| involved in PG synthesis, target of NSAIDS |
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Definition
| aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen inhibit these causeing side effects |
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| celebrex and vioxx inhibit this and thus will have few side effects in the gastric mucosa |
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