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Ch.11 Digestive System
yee
69
Medical
1st Grade
03/23/2011

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Term
mouth
Definition
opening through which food passes into the body; breakks food into small particles by mastication and mixing with saliva
Term
tongue
Definition
consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. it provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, andi s a major organ for taste and speech
Term
palate
Definition
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Term
soft palate
Definition
posterior portion, not supported by bone
Term
hard palate
Definition
anterior portion, supported by bone
Term
uvula
Definition
soft V-shaped mass that extends from the soft palate. directs food into the throat
Term
pharynx, throat
Definition
performs the swalloing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus
Term
esophagus
Definition
10-inch tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
Term
stomach
Definition
J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. it secrets chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication control
Term
cardia
Definition
area around the opening of the esophagus
Term
fundus
Definition
uppermost domed portion of the stomach
Term
body
Definition
central portion of the stomach
Term
pylorus
Definition
lower part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
Term
antrum
Definition
portion of the pylorus that connects to the body of the stomach
Term
pyloric sphincter
Definition
ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
Term
small intestine
Definition
20-foot canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine
Term
duodenum
Definition
first 10-12 inches of the small intestine
Term
jejunum
Definition
second portion of the small intestine, approximately 8 feet long
Term
ileum
Definition
third portion of the small intestine, approximately 11 feet long, which connects with the large intestine
Term
large intestine
Definition
canal that is approximately 5 feet long and extends from the ileum to the anus
Term
cecum
Definition
blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
Term
colon
Definition
next portion of the large intestine. the colon is divided into four parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
Term
rectum
Definition
remaining portion of the large intestine, approximately 8 - 10 inches long, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus
Term
anus
Definition
sphincter muscle at the end of the digestive tract
Term
salivary glands
Definition
produce saliva, which flows into the mouth
Term
liver
Definition
produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats. the liver performs many other functions concerned with digestion and metabolism
Term
bile ducts
Definition
passageways that carry bile: the hepatic duct is a passageway for bile from the liver, and the cystic duct carries bile from the gallbladder. they join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum
Term
gallbladder
Definition
small, saclike structure that stores bile
Term
pancreas
Definition
produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism
Term
peritoneum
Definition
serous sac lining of the abdominal and pelvis cavities
Term
appendix
Definition
small pouch, which has no function in digestion, attached to the cecum
Term
abdomen
Definition
portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis
Term
adhesion
Definition
abnormal growing together of two surfaces that normally are separataed. this may occur aftrer abdominal surgery; surgical treatment is called adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
psychoneurotic disorder characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat, resulting in emaciation, amenorrhea in females, and abnormal fear of becoming obese. it occurs primarily in adolescents
Term
bullimia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder involving gorging with food, followed by induced vomiting or laxative abuse [binging and purging]
Term
cirrhosis
Definition
chronic disease of the liver with gradual desutrction of cells, most commonly caused by alcoholism
Term
Crohn disease
Definition
chronic inflammation usually affecting the ileum, although it can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. it is characterized by cobblestone ulcerations along the intestinal walla nd the formation of scar tissue and may cause obstruction. it is also called regional ilieitis or regional enteritis
Term
duodenal ulcer
Definition
ulcer in the duodenum
Term
gastric ulcer
Definition
ulcer in the stomach
Term
gastoesophageal reflux disease
Definition
the abnormal backward flow of the gastointestinal contents into the esophagus, gradually breaking down the mucous barrier of the esophagus
Term
ileus
Definition
obstruction of the intesitne, often caused by failure of peristalsis
Term
intussusception
Definition
telescoping of a segment of the intestine
Term
IBS
Definition
periodic disturbances of bowl function, such as diarrhea and or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
Term
peptic ulcer
Definition
another name for gastric or duodenal ulcer
Term
polyp
Definition
tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane. usually benign; common sites are in the nose, throat, and intestines
Term
ulcerative collitis
Definition
inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers. the main symptom is diarrhea--as many as 15-29 stools per day. an ileostomy may be performed to treat this condition
Term
volvulus
Definition
twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction
Term
abdominoperineal resection [A&P resection]
Definition
removal of the colon and rectum through both abdominal and perineal approaches. performed to treat colorectal cancer and inflammatory diseases fo the lower large intestine. the patient will have a colostomy
Term
anastomosis
Definition
surgical connection between two normally distinct structures
Term
vagotomy
Definition
cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers
Term
barium enema [BE]
Definition
series of xray images taken of the large intestine after a barium enema has been administered
Term
upper GI [gastrointestinal] series
Definition
series of x-ray images taken of the stomach and duodenum after barium has been swallowed
Term
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP]
Definition
radiographic examination of the bile and pancreatic ducts with contrast medium, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy
Term
endoscopic ultrasound
Definition
a procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasoud probe that provides images of layers of the intestinal wall. used to detect tumors ande cystic growths and for staging of malignan tumors
Term
helicobacter pylori antibodies test
Definition
a blood test to determine the presence of H.pylorio bacteria. the bacteria can be found int he lining of the stomach and can cause peptic ulcers. tests for h.pylori are also performed on biopsy specimens and by breath test
Term
fecal occult blood test aka guaiac test
Definition
a test to detect occult blood in feces. it is used to screen for colon cancer or polyps. occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be viewed microscopically. trade names for terst kkits include: hema-check, colo-rect, and hematest
Term
ascites
Definition
abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Term
diarrhea
Definition
frequent discharge of liquid stool
Term
dysentery
Definition
disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain
Term
feces
Definition
waste from the digestive tract expelled through the rectum
Term
flatus
Definition
gas in the digestive tract or expelled through the anus
Term
gastric lavage
Definition
washing out of the stomach
Term
gavage
Definition
process of feeding a person through a nasogastric tube
Term
hematemesis
Definition
vomiting of blood
Term
melena
Definition
black, tarry stool that contains digested blood. usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract
Term
nausea
Definition
urge to vomit
Term
peristalsis
Definition
involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract
Term
reflux
Definition
abnormal backward flow. in esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus
Term
vomit
Definition
matter expelled from the stomach through the mouth aka emesis
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