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| Individuals who organize to influence the government's programs and policies |
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| an organized group in which members actually play a role, sitting on committees and engaging in group projects |
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| a type of membership group in which a professional staff conducts most of the group's activities |
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| benefits, sought by groups, that are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers |
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| those who enjoy the benefits of collective goods but did not participate in acquiring them |
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| special newsletters, periodicals, training programs, conferences, and other information provided to members of groups to entice others to join (most imiportant category of selective benefits) |
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| special goods, services or money provided to members of groups to entice others to join (discount purchasing, health and retirement insurance) |
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| selective benefit of group membership that emphasize friendship, networking, and consciousness raising |
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| selective benefits of group membership that emphasize the purpose and accomplishments of the group |
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| American Association of Retired Persons that overcame free-rider problem by providing benefits - Ethel Percy Andrus |
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| political movement that began in the 60's and 70's, made up of professionals and intellectuals for whom the civil rights and antiwar movements were formative experiences- strengthening public interest groups |
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| groups that claim they serve the general good rather than only their own particular interest |
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| a strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of the legislature- ncompasses a broad range of activities that groups engage in with all sorts of government officials and the public as a whole. |
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| individuals who receive some compensation for lobbying- required to register with the House and Senate |
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| stable, cooperative relationship that often develops among a congressional committee, an administrative agency and one or more supportive interest groups |
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| a loose network of elected leaders, public officials, activists, and interest groups drawn together by a specific policy issue |
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| institutional advertising |
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| advertising designed to create a positive image of an organization (e.g. ads- show how much organizations are doing for the country, for protection of environment or for the defense of American way of life) |
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| lobbying campaign in which a group mobilizes its membership to contact government officials in support of the groups positions (religious rights) |
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| PAC (Political Action Committee) |
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| private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns |
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| a political tactic that interest groups use in sponsorship of ballot initiatives at the state level- allows proposed laws to be placed on the general election ballot and submitted directly to the state's voters |
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| theory that competition among organized interests will produce balance with all the interests regulating one another |
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| the residents in the are from which an official is elected |
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| legislative assembly composed of 2 chambers or houses (House of Rep and Senate) |
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| sociological representation |
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| type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents |
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| type of representation in which a representative is held accountable to a constituency if he or she fails that constituency properly |
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| holding a political office for which one is running |
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| legally prescribed limits on the number of terms an elected official can serve (and only way to see fresh new faces) |
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| determination of the proportional number of members each U.S. state sends to the House of Rep. based on population figures |
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| process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatiives |
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| apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party- manipulate boundaries of an electoral constituency as to favor one party or class |
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| resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses or special favors to supporters |
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| apporoportions made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but are created so local reps can win re-election in their home districts |
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| proposal in Congress to provide a specific person with some kind of relief |
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| a gathering of House Republicans every two years to elect their House leaders |
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| a normally closed meeting of a political or legislative group to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters |
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| the chief presiding officer of the House of Representatives- most important party and House leader- can influence the legislative agendy, the fate of individual pieces of legislation and members' positions within the House |
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| elected leader of the majority party in the House of Rep. or in Senate |
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| elected leader of the minority party in the House or Senate |
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| party member in the House or Senate responsible for coordinating the party's legislative strategy, building support for key issues, and counting votes- elected by both parties |
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| permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject |
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| a temporary legislative committee setup to highlight or investigate a particular issue or address an issue not within the jurisdiction of existing committees |
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| a legislative committee formed of members of both the House and Senate- on economic, taxation, library, and printing |
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| a joint committee created to work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation- determining what laws are actually passed |
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| ranking given to an individual on the basis of length of continuous service on a committee in Congress |
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| a legislative support agency responsible for policy analysis |
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| an association of members of Congress based on party, interest, or social groups such as gender or race |
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| provision by the House Rules Committee limiting or prohibiting the introduction of amendments during debate (favored by supporters of the bill) |
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| provision by the House Rules Committee that permits floor debate and the addition of new amendments to a bill |
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| tactic used by members of Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until he majority backs down |
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| rule allowing a majority of 2/3 or 3/5 of the members of a legislative body to set a time limit on debate over a given bill |
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| presidential's constitutional power to turn down acts of Congress (may be overridden by 2/3 vote of each house of Congress) |
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| presidential veto that's automatically triggered if the president doesn't act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session |
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| a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50% of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50% of members of the other party |
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| vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically |
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| organizations that members of Congress use to raise funds that they then distribute to other members of their party running for election |
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| efforty by Congress, through hearings, investigations and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies |
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| amounts of money approved by Congress in statutes (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend |
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| an agreement, made between the president and another country, that has the force of a treaty but doesn't require teh Senate's "advice and consent" |
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| the formal charge by the House of Reps that a government official has committed "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors" |
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| representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency |
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| representative who votes based on what he or she thinks is best for his or her constituency |
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| a normally closed meeting of a political or legislative group to select candidates |
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| specific powers granted by the constitution to congress and to the president |
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| constitutional powers that are assigned to one governmental agency with teh express permission of the first |
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| powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution, but are inferred from it (in times of war or national emergency) |
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| role of the president as commander of the national military and state national guard units |
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| resolution in Congress that the president can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of Congress, or if American troops are already under attack or serious threat |
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| an agreement, made between the president and another country, that has the force of a treaty but not require the Senate's "advice and consent" |
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| the claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisors should not be revealed without the consent of the president |
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| power of the executive to veto specific provisions (lines) of a bill passed by the legislature |
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| president's inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before Congress |
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| a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation |
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| the secretaries or chief administrators, of the major departments of the federal government (cabinet secretaries appted by the President) |
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| National Security Council (NSC) |
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| a presidential foreign policy advisory council composed of the president, vice president, secretaries of state, defense and the treasury, attorney general and other officials invited by the President |
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| analysts and advisors to the president, often give the title "special assistant" |
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| informal group of advisors that President turn to for counsel and guidance |
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| claim by a victorious candidate that the electorate has given him or her special authority to carry out promises made during the campaign |
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| description of presidential politics in which all presidential actions are taken with re-election in mind- for building mass popularity and raising campaign funds |
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| branch of law that regulates the conduct of individuals, defense crimes, and provides punishment for criminal acts |
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| individual or organization who brings a complaint in court |
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| one against whom a complaint is brought in a criminal or civil case |
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| the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments |
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| a court order that the individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention |
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| the authority to initially consider a case |
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| authority to hear appeals from a lower court's decisions |
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| presides over the court's public sessions and conferences |
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| power of the courts to review and declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional |
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| states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision |
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| the requirement, articulated by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, that persons under arrest must be informed prior to police interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit of legal counsel |
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| the right of an individual or organization to initiate a court case, on the basis of their having a substantial stake in the outcome |
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| a criteria used by courts to screen cases that no longer require resolution |
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| decision by at least 4/9 Supreme Court justices to review a decision of a lower court |
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| top government lawyer in all cases before the Supreme Court where the government is a party |
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| brief, unsigned decision by an appellate court, usually rejecting a petition preview the decison of a lower court |
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| "friend of the court"- individuals or groups who are not parties to a lawsuit but who seek to assist the Supreme court in reaching a decision by presenting additional briefs |
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| written documents in which attorneys explain, using case precedents |
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| stage in Supreme Court procedure in which attorneys for both sides appear before the court to present their positions and answer questions posed by justices= each with 30 minutes including quesitons |
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| written explanation of the Supreme Court's decision in a particular case |
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| a decision written by a justice in the minority in a particular case in which the justice wishes to express his or her reasoning in the case |
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| judicial philosophy whose adherents refuse to go beyond the clear words of the Constitution in interpreting its meaning |
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| judicial philosophy that posits that the Court should go beyond the words of the Constitution or a statue to consider the broader societal implications of its decisions |
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| legal action by which a group or class of individuals with common interests with common interests can file a suit on behalf of everyone who shares that interest |
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