Term
| General somatic afferent neurons |
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Definition
| sensation: pain, touch, and temp |
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| vision (function); rods and cones |
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| Sensory systems relay info throughout ________ to the ___ using _______ _________, ascending pathways, and __________ ___________. |
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Definition
| periphery; CNS; sensory receptors; processing centers |
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Definition
| communicate sensory info from the periphery to the CNS |
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Definition
| relay sensory input from reflex networks and sensory pathways DIRECTLY TO THE THALMUS |
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Definition
| communicate sensory info FROM THE THALAMUS TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX |
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| Three types of nerve fibers that are involved in the conduction of somatosensory impulses are |
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Definition
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Definition
| largest diameter, myelinated, rapid impulses conduction |
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Definition
| smaller diameter, myelinated, slower impulse conduction |
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| smallest diameter, unmyelinated, slowest impulses conduction |
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Definition
| include pressure, touch, sensation, and heat pain |
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Definition
| promote inhibitory effects=diminished pain sensation |
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| Why do we have reffered pain? |
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Definition
| DERMATOMES: (innervated by a single pair of dorsal root ganglia and reflect the segmental organization of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| communicate sensory info, including discriminative touch and spatial orientation |
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Definition
| discriminative pathway that allows the identification of an object based on touch or the location of skin touch in two different areas |
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Definition
| involves both the anterior and the lateral spinothalamic pathways and is characterized by multiple synapses and slow conduction |
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Term
| Awareness, recognition, identification, and interpretation of stimuli involve |
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Definition
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Definition
| the specific nature of the perception of various stimuli |
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Definition
| the ability to locate the site of the initiation of a stimulus |
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Definition
| movement of light objects over the skin, vibration |
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Definition
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| detection of movement on the surface of the body |
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Definition
| detection of heavy and continuous touch and pressure DEEP-TISSUE SENSATION |
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Definition
| receptors that recognize thermal sensation; located under the skin and include cold, warmth and pain receptors |
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Term
| Limb/body movement and position sensation, independent of vision |
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Definition
| where your eyes are closed, and you still feel sense that you're upside down |
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Definition
| a type of pain you feel when stimulus is outside nervous system |
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Term
| neurogenic or neuropathic |
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Definition
| pain originating within the nervous system |
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Definition
| induced after tissue injury by release of inflammatory mediators |
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Definition
| are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, synapsing with second-order neurons |
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Definition
| cross and ascend via the spinothalamic pathway to the reticular activating system (RAS) and thalamus |
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Term
| localization and perception of pain occur in the |
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Definition
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Definition
| suggests that nerves transmitting pain impulses are shared with other senses |
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Definition
| influence perceived sensation |
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Definition
| sensations of touch, warmth, cold, and pain involve distinct receptors and pathways: specific nature of impulse generation is proposed to begin in a specific pain receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| most well-known theory; substantial gelatinosa is a gate control system, regulating transmission of pain impulses; stimulation of large type A beta and alpha inhibitory fibers "close the gate" at the substantial gelatinosa, preventing crossover and inhibiting pain impulse concussion along type A delta and type C fibers, diminishing pain perception |
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Term
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Definition
| pain lasts longer than 6 months; most common: back pain |
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Term
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Definition
| pain is a multidimensional experience |
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Definition
| neural network in the brain containing somatosensory, limbic, and thalamocortical components; integrates multiple sourcesof input resulting in cognitive, affective, and sensory perceptions of pain |
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Definition
| influenced by genetic, emotional, cultural, past experience, and stress regulation influences, contributing to individualized pain responses |
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| Controlling pain without drugs |
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Definition
cognitive-behavioral: imagery; biofeedback
physical agents: heat and cold |
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| controlling pain WITH drugs |
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Definition
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Definition
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
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| dilates/constricts for light |
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Definition
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Definition
| contacts light and fine tones focus |
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Definition
| ability of the lens to change its shape |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| directly behind the iris, in front of the lens |
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Definition
| retina, photoreceptor, rods, and rhodopsin |
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Definition
| located over the posterior two-thirds of the eye |
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Definition
| receptors sensitive to light; located in the retina |
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Definition
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Definition
| the photopigment that allows vision in dim light |
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| cones are most concentrated |
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Definition
| by the fovea for visual acquit and bright light |
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Definition
| center of the retina; responsible for central vision, color vision, and fine detail |
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Definition
| area in the center of the macula; site where cones are most concentrated |
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Definition
| visual images are coordinated in the brain during this phase |
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| extraoccullar muscles are controlled by |
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Definition
| cranial nerve III, IV, and VI; measured by the 6 cardinal fields of gaze |
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Definition
| looking from object A to object B |
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Definition
| smoothly following a moving object |
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Definition
| both eyes turning inward/outward simultaneously [follow hand w/ eyes (cross-eyed)] |
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| eyes sensing and adjusting to head movement via connections with nerves in the inner ear (roller coaster) |
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Definition
| minute eye movements that position and accommodate both eyes (look @ 1 object) |
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Definition
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Term
| ciliary body produce ______ _______ which is a _______ _______ |
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Definition
| aqueous humor; watery fluid |
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Definition
| meshlike structure in the canal of schlemm; where aqueous humor is reabsorbed |
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Definition
| imiage in front of retina; aka nearsightedness (can't see far away; correct with concave lens |
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Definition
| image behind the retina; aka farsightedness; correct with convex lens |
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Definition
| irregulr curvature of the lens; prevents the focusing of images; blurs vision |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of farsightedness r/t aging |
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Definition
| the lack of coordinated extrinsic eye muscle function; prevents eyes from lining up in the same direction; aka crossed eyes; misalignment of visual axes=inability to focus on single object |
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Definition
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Definition
| caused from lack of extra ocular muscles, results in dbl vision |
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Definition
| eyes move back and forth; caused from abnormal function in brain, labyrinth of inner ear, and vestibular pathways responsible for controlling eye movement |
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Definition
| aka pink eye; often viral; |
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Definition
| only ONE eye; lots of watering and small amy of discharge |
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Definition
| BOTH eyes; lots of purulent drainage; sinusitis can drain thru lacrimal gland |
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Definition
| BOTH eyes; LOTS of clear watery;; plus itching and redness |
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Definition
| hazing of the cornea; scatter incoming light into the retina |
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Definition
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Definition
| handheld (yeagor test) sign: how far you hold it out to read it |
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Definition
| snellen chart: 20/20 means you see at 20 feet what every1 else sees at 20 feet |
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Definition
| sx procedure used to treat myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Most ear problems happen in the |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| bones in the ear: comprised of: malleus, incus, and stapes |
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Definition
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Definition
| contain hair cells: receptors that allow hearing (neuro) |
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Definition
| detect head position and acceleration; maintain body position and stable visual fields |
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Definition
| impulses are transmitted to the cerebellum by the vestibular branch of acoustic nerve regulating this |
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Definition
| process of removing cerumen |
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Definition
| inflame of the skin of the external ear, condition r/t pain and discomfort; aka swimmer's ear |
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Definition
| inability of the ear to equalize barometric stress |
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Definition
| infection of middle ear: most common disorder of middle ear ESPECIALLY in children because of the position of their eustachian tube |
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Term
| tympanic membrane must do what in order to hear? |
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Definition
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Definition
| bacterial infection causing inflame of air cells of mastoid bone=complications of otitis media |
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Term
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Definition
| AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT CONDITION; most common cause of chronic, progressive, conductive hearing loss; slow formation of spongy bone at oval window immobilize and impairing vibration conduction |
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Definition
| sensorineural hearing loss consistent with aging |
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Definition
| very common; sever vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnnitus, r/t overproduction or decreased absorption of endolymph |
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Definition
| inflame of labyrinth of the inner ear |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| frequency or pitch of sound |
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Definition
| outer or middle ear; temp or permanent; sever otitis media with fluid in ear for awhile, relieved by tube placement |
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Term
| sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
| often perm; because: disease, trauma, or genetics: defect in cochlea nerve cells; ototoxicity from lasix (example) |
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Definition
| combo of both conductive and sensorineural |
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Definition
| alteration in auditory signal processing in brain |
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Definition
| measures the degree of movement of tympanic membrane to ident middle ear fluid, perforation, or cerumen blockage |
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| acoustic reflex measurement |
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Definition
| determines movement of tympanic membrane in response to sound |
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| pure tone bone conduction |
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Definition
| evaluate inner ear, vibrator tuner fork thing* |
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Definition
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Definition
| tastes something different |
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Definition
| artifical devices surgically placed behind the ear |
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| taste impulses travel along what cranial nerves? |
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Definition
| facial nerve (VII) and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) |
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Definition
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Definition
| sense of smell; located in nasal cavity |
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| taste is processed in the |
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Definition
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Definition
| condition of the soft tissues and muscles; impulse/pain problem; simp are very subjective; cause UNK; |
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Definition
| fatigue; pain all over; depression (may be due to fibromyalgia, or fibromyalgia may be due to depression) |
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Definition
| pain must be present in 11 of the 18 tender point sites; trigger points? |
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Definition
| induce reffered pain to other parts of the body, which is thought to be caused by pressure on blood vessels and nerves by fibrous bands causing tightening of myofascia |
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Definition
| outer membrane of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| no cure; treat symptoms; cognitive behavior therapy, stress reduction, gentle exercise, drugs |
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Definition
| NSAIDs, tricyclic anti-depressives, muscle relaxants, LYRICA-treats neuropathic pain |
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Definition
| moderate-severe; last 1-2 dyas r/t N/V, sensit. to noise and light; cause UNK; likely caused by neuro and biochemical events |
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Term
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Definition
| UNILATERAL, pulsing, throbbing; AURA: predict the onset of migraine; prodromal symptoms: 1-2 days before onset: includes increased energy, sweet cravings |
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Definition
| H&P, MRI, CT (these check for brain tumor) |
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Definition
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Definition
| 2 or more migraines/month, using pain relieving meds more than twice/week; alagesics do not relieve; experiencing uncommon migraines (w/ an aura) |
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Term
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Definition
| avoid triggers, reg exercise, stop smoking (vasospasms in the brain), hormone level stabilization |
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Term
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Definition
| NSAIDs, antiseizure meds, BB, CCB, antidepressants (serotonin levels affected), triptans, ergot meds |
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Term
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Definition
| mimic serotonin action, promoting vasoconstriction ; take on onset |
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Definition
| stimulate vasoconstriction |
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Term
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Definition
| infection of the middle ear; fluid allows bacteria to grow; assoc. with URI, especially in KIDS (eustachian tube) |
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Term
| Otitis media with effusion (OME) |
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Definition
| fluid trapped by obstruction in eustachian tube; not assoc with inflammation; INFECTION CAN LEAVE, bu fluid may not leave=hard, no vibration=nohearing=may be permanent depending |
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Term
| tympanic membrane should be |
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Definition
| pearly gray, NOT bright red |
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Term
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Definition
| acute pain, runny nose, fever, impaired hearing, perforated tympanic membrane (if bad enough) |
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Term
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Definition
| may be recurrent (3 or more in 6 months, or 4 or more in one year) |
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Definition
| just effusion!!, no inflammation |
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Definition
| push air into canal to see if it vibrates? fluid=immobile |
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Definition
| Hx of acute onset?; otoscopic exam: effusion?=bulging tympanic membrane, immobile?, visible air-fluid level; otorrhea (ear canal discharge) |
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Term
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Definition
| A/B for AOM; observation for OME |
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Term
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Definition
| altered vestibular function; targeted to the labyrinth component of the inner ear; causing vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, pressure, and pain |
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Term
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Definition
| unilateral: VERTIGO, N/V, hearing loss, pressure, pain, tinnitus |
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Term
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Definition
| glycerol test: identifies inner ear volume excess; |
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Definition
| treat symptoms, excess body fluid, stop smoking, reduce stress |
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Term
| Drugs for meniere disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| FOVEA DEGENERATES; loss central vision, two forms: dry and wet; |
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Definition
| most common case; cause: deposition of drusen (small yellow deposits) under macula next to basement membrane |
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Definition
| on retina, blood vessels burst: doesn't kill retina |
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Definition
| central vission distortion; GENETIC, BLINDNESS |
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Definition
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Definition
| rapid and severe; dark central spot |
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Definition
| wet- laser therapy; meds that inhibit vessel growth; NO TX FOR DRY |
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Term
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Definition
| increased IOP; vision loss b/c of optic nerve damage; second leading cause of blindness among elderly and leading cause of preventable blindness in the USA |
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Term
| primary open angle glaucoma |
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Definition
| trabecular network clogged=impaired aqueous humor drainage leading to increased IOP |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid pop from blocked aqueous humor drainage; poor blood flow to optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| eye drops (decrease IOP); |
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Term
| S/S of primary open angle |
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Definition
Gradual, irreversible vision loss; Blind spots in field of vision; Initially limited to periphery; Progresses centrally
MOST COMMON |
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Term
| S/S of acute angle closure |
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Definition
| MEDICAL EMERGENCY!!! Induced by increased pupil dilation Eye pain Headache Nausea Blurred vision Rainbows around lights at night Damage to optic nerve leads to vision loss |
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Term
| retinopathy of prematurity ROP |
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Definition
| leading childhood cause of blindness; infants born prematurely; normal: blood vessels in retina develop later on in life; high levels of O2 over form blood vessels; IMPAIRED DEVELOPMENT OF RETINAL BLOOD VESSELS; Phase 1: Arrested growth Phase 2: Unregulated growth Hemorrhage and scarring promotes retinal detachment |
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Term
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Definition
| Leukocoria (white pupils) Nystagmus (abnormal eye movements) Strabismus (crossed eyes) Myopia (severe nearsightedness) |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on morphology of retinal blood vessels Stage 1 Mildly abnormal blood vessel growth Spontaneous resolution Likely develop normal vision; Stage 2 Moderately abnormal blood vessel growth Spontaneous resolution Likely develop normal vision Stage 3 Severely abnormal blood vessel growth Some develop normal vision without treatment; Stage 3 Plus Abnormal growth patterns with enlarged (dilation) or twisted (tortuosity) vessels Requires early treatment to prevent retinal detachment Stage 4 Partially detached retina Requires immediate treatment to save vision; Stage 5 Completely detached retina Hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
| laser, cryotherapy, scleral buckle; vitrectomy A/B CAN CAUSE IN PREMIS |
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