Term
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Definition
beriberi 'weakness'-deficiency disease
Symptoms: enlarged heart, cardiac failure, muscular weakness; apathy, short-term memory, confusion, irritability, anorexia, weight loss
malnourished and homeless people, along with alcoholics
No toxicity
Chief function: used in energy metabolism
Food: enriched, fortified, or whole grain products; pork |
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Term
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Definition
deficiency-ariboflavinosis
Symptoms: sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth; painful, smooth, purplish, red tongue; inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales
No toxicity
Chief function: used in energy metabolism
Food: milk products; enriched, fortified, or whole-grain products; liver |
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Term
| Niacin-Vitamin B3- niacinamide |
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Definition
Deficiency disease-Pellagra
Symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red toungue, depresion, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache, bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight
Toxicity: painful flush, hives, and rash; nausea and vomiting;liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance
Chief function: used in energy metabolism
Food: protein-rich foods |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency-
Symptoms: depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs; red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth; hair loss
No toxicity
Chief function: used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis
Food: widespread in foods; GI bacteria synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency-
Symptoms: vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps; insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy;hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin; numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk
No toxicity
Chief function: used in energy metabolism
Food: widespread in foods |
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Term
| Vitamin B6-pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine |
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Definition
Deficiency-
Symptoms: scaly dermatitis, anemia, depression, confusion, convulsions
Toxicity: depression, fatique, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions
Chief function: fatty acid metabolism, helps to make RBCs
Food: protein-rich foods |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency:
Symptoms: anemia, glossitis, neurological disturbances, elevated homocysteine
Toxicity: masks vitamin B12 deficiency
Chief function: activates vitamin B12;helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth
Food: legumes, vegetables, fortified grain products |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency:
Symptoms: aneima;nerve damage and paralysis
No toxicity
Chief function: activates folate;helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth; protects nerve cells
Food sources: foods derived from animals |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency:
Symptoms: scurvy (bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages, abnormal bone growth, and joint pain)
Toxicity: diarrhea, GI distress
Food: fruits and vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency:
Symptoms: infectious diseases, night blindness, blindness (xerophthalmia), keratinization
Chief function: vision, maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin;bone and tooth growth; reproduction; immunity
Toxicity: reduced bone mineral density, liver abnormalities, birth defects
Food: retinol: milk and milk products, beta-carotene: dark green leafy and deep yellow/orange vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency:
Symptoms: rickets, osteomalacia
Toxicity: calcium imbalance (calcification of soft tissues and formation of stones)
Chief Function: mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulation retention by kidneys)
Food: synthesized in the body with the help of sunshine; fortified milk |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency:
Symptoms: erythrocyte hemolysis, nerve damage
Toxicity: hemorrhagic effects
Chief function: antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions ,protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)
Food: vegetable oils |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency:
Symptoms: hemorrhage
Toxicity: None
Chief function: synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins
Foods: synthesized in the body by GI bacteria; green leafy vegetables |
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