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| locomotion organelle present in some animal cells; composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane |
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| network of membraneous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough ribosome-studded and smooth regions. |
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| double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER, also contains proteins |
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| structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli |
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| material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell. |
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| membrane enclosing the cell |
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| complexes, small brown dots, that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope |
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| organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products |
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digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
-autophagy
-phagosytosis |
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| organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated |
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| organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water |
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| projections that increase a cell's surface area |
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reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement; components are made of protein. includes:
-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules |
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| region here the cell's microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles whose function is unknown |
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| where do most of the cell's metabolic activities occur? |
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| what do plants cells have that animal cells do not? |
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Definition
-plastids- the most important type of plastid is the chloroplast
-central vacuoles
-cell walls
-plasmodesmata |
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| what is the equivalent of a plastid in animal cells? |
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Definition
| vacuoles carry out functions performed by lysosomes in animal cells |
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| prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth |
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| photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules |
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| channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells |
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| outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein |
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| can be described on a continuum |
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| measures the average percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population |
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| differences between gene pools of separate populations or population subgroups |
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| a graded change in a trait along a geographic axis |
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| changes in the nuecleotide sequence of DNA |
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| mutations in one base of a gene |
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| Differential success in reproduction results in certain alleles being passed to the next generation in greater proportions |
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| a few individuals separated from larger population; their gene pool becomes the basis for a new population |
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| sudden reduction in population size due to environment |
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| the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals |
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| favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range |
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| favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range |
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| favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes |
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| what are the three methods of evolution? |
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| natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow |
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| when organisms of the same species but of different genders look remarkably different (ie: ducks) |
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one of the genders competes with others of the same gender for the other gender.
-battling it out among themselves for access to the females |
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this is where one of the genders gets picky.
-usually the female gender is the choosier of the two sexes |
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| suggests that if a trait is related to male health, both the male trait and female preference for that trait should be selected for |
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| maintains genetic variation in the form of hidden recessive alleles |
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| occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population |
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when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes
-ie: recessive allele for sickle cell also protects gain malaria |
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| frequency dependant selection |
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Definition
the fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population
-ie: fish with sideways mouths |
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| genetic variation that appears to confer no selective advantage or disadvantage |
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| biological species concept |
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Definition
Requires Reproductive isolation (barriers that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring)
Blocks gene flow between species
Limits Hybrids (offspring of crosses between different species)
Reproductive isolation can be classified by whether factors act before or after fertilization |
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| what types of prezygotic barriers exist? |
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Definition
-habitat isolation
-temporal isolation
-behavioral isolation
-mechanical isolation
-gametic isolation |
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| what types of postzygotic barriers exist? |
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Definition
-reduced hybrid viability
-reduced hybrid fertility
-hybrid breakdown |
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| ecological species concept |
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| you look at different species based on how they function in their environment: their niche. If they eat different things, act differently they may be considered different species under this concept. |
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| phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| looking at ancestry and grouping together species that share common ancestors. |
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| one species becomes two due to geographic barriers |
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one species becomes two though both live in the same region
-ex is the flies that used to live in the hawthorne trees but some began living in apple trees |
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| presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents in cell division |
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| individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from one species |
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| multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species |
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| periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change |
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| Control the rate, timing, and spatial pattern of changes in an organism’s form as it develops into an adu |
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| all of your body parts don’t grow at the same speed or time |
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| Evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events |
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determine things like where wings and legs will develop on a bird
-ex are Hox genes |
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structures that have evolved in one context but they begin to change their use. the original structures are still there but serve a different purpose.
-ex: we use our arms to grasp things but our ancestors used arms to walk |
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| classifies organisms and determines evolutionary relationships |
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| groups that share an immediate common ancestor |
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| a branch from which more than two groups emerge |
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| similarity due to shared ancestry |
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| similarities due to convergent evolution |
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| analogous structures or molecular features |
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| a group of species that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants |
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| consists of an ancestral group and all of its descendants |
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| consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants |
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| consists of various species that lack a common ancestor |
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| shared ancestral character |
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Definition
| a traits found in multiple descendants that could be found in the ancestor |
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found in an entire clade but not in the ancestor
-phylogenies are inferred using derived characters |
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| not the simplest answer, taking DNA into account |
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| region where crossing over has occurred |
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| three mechanisms of genetic variation? |
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Definition
-Independent assortment of chromosomes
-Crossing over
-Random fertilization |
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Definition
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| where lipids are made, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies poisons, makes hormones and oils, stores calcium, and adds hydroxyl groups to things to make them less dangerous |
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Term
| what goes into the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)
Distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes
Is a membrane factory for the cell |
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Definition
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles |
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found in the spindle of mitosis and meiosis
-biggest form of fiber in the cell |
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| made of actin and work at cell movement |
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Definition
-provides monorails for vesicles
-helps with motility
-supports and shapes the cell |
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Definition
| most permanent type of filament |
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Term
| types of intercellular junctions |
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Definition
Plasmodesmata, plant cells
Tight junctions, animal cells; these are water tight seals
Desmosomes, similar to cells within a tissue but aren’t necessarily water tight
Gap junctions, transfer of substances and signals |
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