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| An analysis of behavior in terms of its product or consequences. |
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| Behavior is classified in terms of its form or topography. |
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The physical form or characteristics of the response.
Related to the contingencies of reinforcement in the sense that the form of response can be broadened or restricted by contingencies.
Generally it is a function of the contingencies of reinforcement. |
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| The reinforcement contingencies that an organism has been exposed to during its lifetime, including the changes in behavior due to such exposure. |
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This refers to behavior that increase or decreases by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) that precedes the conditioned response (CR).
We say that the presentation of the CS regulates or controls the respondent (CR).
This type of behavior is elicited, in the sense that it reliably occurs when the CS is presented. The notation system used with elicited behavior is CS -> CR. The CS causes (arrow) the CR. |
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| Respondent (CR) and reflexive (UR) behavior is made to occur by the presentation of a stimulus (CS or US). |
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Behavior that operates on the environment to produce a change, effect, or consequence.
Particular responses increase or decrease in a situation as a function of the consequences that they produced in the past.
This type of behavior is said to be emitted (rather than elicited) in the sense that behavior may occur at some frequency before any known conditioning. |
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| Behavior occurs at some probability in the presence of a discriminative stimulus, but the sD does not force its occurrence. |
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| All the forms of the performance that have a similar function (e.g., putting on a coat to keep warm). |
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| The functional environment is all of the events and stimuli that affect the behavior of an organism. This includes events "Inside the skin," such as thinking, hormonal changes, and pain stimulation, |
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| When the occurrence of an event changes the behavior of an organism. |
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| Conditioned-stimulus function |
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Definition
An event or stimulus that has acquired its function to elicit a response on the basis of respondent conditioning.
(Tone -> Food in the mouth, Tone become CS for salivation) |
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Any event (or stimulus) that follows a response and increase its frequency.
If an infant's babbling increases due to touching by the mother, we say that the maternal touching has a _____. |
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| When an organism's behavior is reinforced, those events that reliably precede responses come to have a _____. |
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| An event or stimulus that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for operant behavior (antecedent stimulus). |
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| Stimuli that vary across physical dimensions but have a common effect on behavior. |
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| Any stimulus or event that increases the probability (rate of response) of an operant when presented. |
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| Any event or stimulus that increases the probability (rate of occurrence) of an operant that removes or prevents it. |
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| This refers to the fact that environment-behavior relationships are always conditional-depending on other circumstances. |
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| Establishing Operation (EO) |
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Definition
| Any change in the environment that increases the effectiveness of some stimulus or event as reinforcement and simultaneously alters the momentary frequency of the behavior that has been followed by that reinforcement. |
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| Decreases the effectiveness of behavioral consequences, and momentarily reduces behavior that has resulted in those consequences in the past. |
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Any event that alters the reinforcement effectiveness of behavioral consequences and changes the frequency of behavior maintained by those consequences.
To capture both the establishing and abolishing effects of events that precede reinforced behavior (or punishment), it is useful to introduce this more inclusive concept. |
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| Two major effects of the EO |
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Definition
1. Increases the momentary effectiveness of reinforcers supporting operant behavior
2. Increase the momentary probability of operants that have produced such reinforcement. |
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Definition
The variable that is manipulated, changed, or controlled in an experiment, commonly called a cause.
In behavior analysis, it is a change in the contingencies of reinforcement, the arrangement of events that precede and follow the behavior of an organism. |
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The variable that is measured in an experiment, commonly called an effect.
In behavior analysis, it is a measure of the behavior of an organism. |
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| One common dependent variable is the _____. |
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Definition
The most basic single-subject research design. Also called a reversal design, it is ideally suited to show that specific features of the environment regulate an organism's behavior.
According to the logic of the design, behavior should return to a level observed in the initial B-phase of the experiment. This second application of the independent variable helps to ensure that the behavioral effect is caused by the manipulated condition. |
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| The base rate of behavior against which an experimental manipulation is measured. |
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| The rate of an operant before any known conditioning. |
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| May be established to assess the effects of an experimental manipulation. |
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| Schedule-controlled behavior that is stable and does not change over time. |
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The phenomenon whereby a low dose of a drug can cause substantial changes in baseline behavior.
More generally, a behavioral baseline that varies with small increases in the independent variable. |
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Experimental research that is concerned with discovering principles and conditions that govern the behavior of single or individual organisms.
Each individual's behavior is studied to assess the impact of a given experimental variable. |
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| Repeating the procedures and measures of an experiment with several subjects of the same species. |
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| When an experimental result is observed in different environments, organisms, and so on. |
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| Refers to increasing the generality of an experimental finding by conducting other experiments in which the procedures are different but are logically related to the original research. |
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| Contingency of Reinforcement |
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Definition
A definition of the relationship between the occasion, the operant class, and the consequences that follow the behavior (e.g., Sd: R --> Sr).
We change them by altering one of the components and observing the effect on behavior.
They can include more than three terms, as in conditional discrimination; also, the effectiveness of them depends on motivational events called establishing operations (e.g., deprivation and satiation). |
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Definition
Used to enhance both the internal and external validity of an experiment.
Also establishes that the findings have generality in the sense that the effects are not limited to specific procedures, behaviors, or species. |
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| If the results replicate over time and place, it is likely that the original findings were due to the _____ and not to extraneous conditions. |
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| Change in Level (from baseline to treatment) |
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Definition
| One of the inspection criteria for visual assessment of behavior change,it is the difference in the average (response rate or percentage) from baseline to treatment. |
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| Range of Variability (in assessment) |
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Definition
Changes in level produced by the treatment must be assessed in relation to the visual inspection of this.
It is the difference between the highest and lowest values of the dependent measures in the baseline and treatment phases of the experiment. |
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| Immediacy of change (baseline to treatment) |
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Definition
| Assessed using the last three data points of the baselines and the first three data points for the treatment phases. It is also assessed from the treatment phase to the return to baseline. |
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| A systematic decline or rise in the baseline values of the dependent variable. |
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| When visually inspecting behavioral data, we assume that the cause of a change in behavior must _____ the change. |
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| For _____, the change in the dependent variable is almost immediate with the changes in the independent variable. |
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| drift in baseline measures |
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| A _____ can be problematic when the treatment is expected to produce a change in the same direction as the trend. |
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Definition
An unobservable event or process that is postulated to occur and that is said to explain behavior.
For example, "Cognitive representation" and "Mental imagery"
There is no objective way of obtaining information about such events except by observing the behavior of people or other organisms. |
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