Term
| Name the 3 characteristics of the nasopharynx? |
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Definition
1. posterior to nasal cavity
2. pharyngeal tonsil to posterior wall
3. Auditory tubes open into masopharynx to equalize air pressure in the middle ear |
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Term
| Name the 4 characteristics of the oropharynex? |
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Definition
1. posterior to oral cavity
2. paired palatine tonsils to lateral walls.
3. lingual tonsils on base of tongue
4. extends between soft palate & hyoid bone |
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Term
| Name the 1 characteristic of the laryngopharynx |
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Definition
| extends from the hyoid to the beginning of the esophagus (posterior to cricoid cartilage) |
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Term
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Definition
vocal ligaments covered by a mucous membrane:
true: produce sound when air passes through them
false: protect vocal cords - no sound |
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Term
| How does oxygen get into the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many layers of cells does gas/blood exchange and name the layers? |
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Definition
| 2 layers = alveolar sac & pulmonary capillary beds |
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Term
| Describe the anatomic description of the larynx? |
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Definition
Also called the voice box, connects pharynx and trachea
composed of cartilage, skeletal muscles, and ligaments |
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Term
| What is the epithelium lining superior to the vocal cords? |
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Definition
| nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
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Term
| What is the epithelium lining inferior to the vocal cords? |
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Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
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Term
| What are the 3 functions of the Larynx? |
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Definition
1. prevents food and drink from entering trachea
2. conducts air
3. produces sound |
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Term
| Describe the anatomic description of the trachea? |
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Definition
1. flexible
2. connects larynx to primary bonchi |
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Term
| Describe the wall composition of the Trachea? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelium is in the Trachea? |
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Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
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Term
| What are the Trachea's 2 functions? |
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Definition
1. conditions inhaled air on it's way to lungs (warms it)
2. conducts air |
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Term
| Describe the anatomic structure of the Bronchi? |
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Definition
1. largest airways of the bronchial tree
2. consist of primary, secondary, tertiary, and smaller bronchi |
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Term
| Describe the wall composition of the Bronchi? |
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Definition
| incomplete rings and irregular plates of cartilage - smooth muscle |
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Term
| What type of Epith Lining is in the Bronchi? |
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Definition
Larger Line = pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Smaller Lining = simple columnar |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anatomic descrip of bronchioles? |
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Definition
| smaller conduction airways of the bronchial tree |
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Term
| Describe the wall compo of bronchioles? |
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Definition
| no cartilage - large amounts of smooth muscle |
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Term
| What is the epith lining of the bronchioles? |
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Definition
1. larger - simple columnar
2. smaller - simple cuboidal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the anatomic descrip of the respiratory bronchioles? |
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Definition
| smallest conducting airways |
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Term
| describe wall compo of respiratory bronchioles? |
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Definition
| no cartilage, smooth muscle |
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Term
| what is the epith lining of the respiratory bronchioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of respiratory bronchioles |
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Definition
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Term
| Anatomic Descrip of Alveolar Ducts? |
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Definition
| tiny airways that branch off respiratory bronchioles |
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Term
| wall compo of alveolar ducts |
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Definition
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Term
| Epith lining of Alveolar Ducts? |
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Function of Alveolar ducts? |
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Definition
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Term
| anatomic descrip of Alveoli? |
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Definition
| tiny microscopic air sacs |
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Term
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Definition
| no cartilage or smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| site of gas exchange, unit of respiration |
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Term
| What shape are the lungs? |
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Definition
| conical & it's base rest upon the muscular diaphragm. |
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Term
| What are the lungs supported by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What separates the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| define costal surface of the lung? |
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Definition
| broad, rounded surface and is in contact w/ the thoracic wall. |
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Term
| Define Pleura and name epithelium? |
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Definition
| outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic walls lining = simple squamous |
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Term
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Definition
| tightly covers the outer surface of each lung |
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Term
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Definition
| line the mediastinum and the superior surface of the diaphragm |
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Term
| What is the function of the pleural membrane? |
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Definition
| produce a thin, serous fluid that circulates in the pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant ensuring minimal friction during breathing. |
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Term
| Where are the lymph nodes located? |
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Definition
| within the connective tissue of the lung as well as around the bronchi and pleura. |
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Term
| What is the function of the lymph nodes in the lungs? |
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Definition
| collect carbon, dust particles, and pollutants that were not filtered by the pseudostratified ciliated columnar. |
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Term
| What is the function of elevation while breathing? |
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Definition
| ribs increases the lateral dimension of the thoracic cavity. |
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Term
| What is the function of depression while breathing? |
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Definition
| ribs decreases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity. |
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Term
| What is the function of the scalenes? |
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Definition
| increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation. |
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Term
| When are the intercostals depressed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does normal exhalation require muscular effort? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the transversus thoracis? |
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Definition
| extends across the inner surface of the thoracic cage and attaches to ribs 2-6 - helps depress ribs. |
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Term
| What is controlled by the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs. |
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Term
| What is the function of the brainstem of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| controls the involuntary rhythmic activities activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases. |
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Term
| Where are the regulatory respiratory centers located? |
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Definition
| Within the reticular formation, through both the medulla oblongata, and pons. |
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Term
| What is located in the Respiratory Rhythmicity Center? |
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Definition
| Ventral & Dorsal Respiratory Group |
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Term
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Definition
| loses sacs in alveoli; much less surface area. |
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Term
| What are the 3 effects does aging have on the respiratory system? |
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Definition
1. less efficient due to structural changes
2. decrease elastic connective tissue
3. loss of elasticity reduces gas exchanged which will decrease the ventilation rate. |
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Term
| What 2 systems carry waste? |
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Definition
| Cardiovascular & Lymphatic systems carries these wastes |
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Term
| What is the function of the kidneys filter? |
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Definition
| Waste products from the bloodstream and convert the filtrate into urine. |
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Term
| What makes up the urinary tract and what is their function? |
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Definition
| ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. They transport the urine out of the body. |
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Term
| What are the 6 functions of the urinary system and name 3 other systems it works with? |
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Definition
1. remove waste from bloodstream
2. storage of urine (expands to 1 liter)
3. Excretion of urine - urethra
4. Cardio System = blood volume regulation/Blood Pressure
5. Skeletal SYSTEM=regulation of erythrocyte production
6. ENDO System = regulate oxygen level |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior abdominal wall, lower thoracic, upper lumbar region |
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Term
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Definition
| extends from kidneys to bladder |
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Term
| Location of urinary bladder |
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Definition
| pelvic cavity, posterior to pubic symphysis |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior to neck of urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| paired, bean-shaped organs, contain outer cortex and inner medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| paired thin muscular tubes composed of inner mucosa |
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Term
| description of urinary bladder |
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Definition
| muscular ditensible sac composed of inner mucosa; contains the internal urethral sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| single muscular tube, surrounded by voluntary external urethral sphincter. shorter in females by 15 cm |
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Term
| what is the epthil lining in the urethra |
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Definition
| transitional to pseudostratified columnar to stratifed squamous |
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Term
| what is the % of blood that travels through the renal arteries into renal sinus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens once the blood plasma is filtered? |
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Definition
| it leaves the glomerulus and enters an efferent arteriole |
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Term
| Is the blood in the efferent arteriole oxygenated or non oxygenated and why? |
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Definition
| oxygenated; the gas and nutrient exchange w/ the kidney tissues has not yet occurred. |
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Term
| What capillary networks are responsible for the actual exchange of gases and nutrients? |
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Definition
| peritubular capillaries & vasa recta |
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Term
| define peritubular capillaries |
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Definition
| primarily in the cortex of the kidney and connected to the efferent arterioles |
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Term
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Definition
| surround the thin tubes that project into the medulla and part of the efferent arteriole network. |
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Term
| description of renal corpuscle & what type of epith lining is located here? |
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Definition
| capillary ball or tuft covered by podocytes and surrounded by simple squamous |
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Term
| description of proximal convoluted tubule & epith lining? |
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Definition
| simple cuboidal and has a prominent brush border |
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Term
| Epith lining nephron loop? |
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Definition
thin limbs = simple squamous epith
thick limbs = simple squamous or cuboidal epith |
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Term
| epith lining distal tubule |
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Definition
| simple cuboidal w/ a brush border |
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Term
| what is the function of the renal corpuscle? |
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Definition
| produces a filtrate of blood that must be modified through the nephron tubules |
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Term
| what is the function of the proximal tubule? |
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Definition
| reabsorbs electrolytes, nutrients, plasma proteins, vitamins, and water |
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Term
| what is the function of the nephron loop? |
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Definition
| reabsorbs approx 15-20% of excess water in tubular fluid |
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Term
| what is the function of the distal tubule? |
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Definition
| secretes hydrogen H+ and potassium K+ ions into tubular fluid; reabsorbs sodium Na+ ions and water from tubular fluid |
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Term
| what are the 3 steps of filtration in the urine production? |
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Definition
1. water, ions, and small molecules are forced out of the blood
2. the portion entering the nephron is called the filtrate.
3. filtration pressure: pressure difference between the glomerular capillaries and bowmans capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone is released to check the O2 levels in the blood and goes to skeleton to make more O2. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the kidney are located behind the peritoneum |
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Term
Know 1 way the following systems react w/ another system:
Respiratory
Urinary
Digestive
Male and Female Repo |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is stuffed into pyramids of the kidney? |
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Definition
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