Term
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Definition
| System of government where two or more levels of government have authority over the same land and people |
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Term
| Most nations have what kind of government? Explain. |
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Definition
| Unitary government; all power resides in a central government |
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Definition
| System of government where the national government is weak and power resides in the states |
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Term
| Intergovernmental Relations |
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Definition
| Set of interactions in a federal system between state, national, and local governments |
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Term
| How does federalism decentralize American politics? |
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Definition
| Electoral system, broad division of power, creates debates over where certain powers should be allocated |
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Term
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Definition
| Article IV establishes that national laws, treaties, and the Constitution trump state laws |
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Term
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Definition
| Mentions that powers not reserved to the national government nor prohibited to the states are reserved to the states |
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Term
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Definition
| Supreme Court ruled that the national government has power over state governments |
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Term
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Definition
| Prohibits individual damage suits against federal officials and prevents private federal agencies from suing state governments |
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Term
| What are the 4 ways that power has increased in the national government? |
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Definition
1. Implied powers
2. Commerce powers
3. Civil War
4. Racial equality |
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Term
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Definition
| Daniel Webster argued for a loose construction (broad interpretation) of the elastic clause--what is "necessary and proper" |
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Term
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Definition
| Powers that are specifically mentioned in the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Established that Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce, by defining commerce broadly |
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Term
| Brown v. Board of Education |
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Definition
| State governments were forced to obey the federal government and desegregate schools |
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Term
| What are the 3 obligations states have, as dictated by the Constitution? |
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Definition
1. Full faith and credit
2. Extradition
3. Privileges and immunities |
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Term
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Definition
| States must recognize official documents and civil judgements from other states |
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Term
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Definition
| States are required to return criminals for punishment to the states in which the crime occurred |
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Term
| Privileges and Immunities |
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Definition
| Citizens in visiting or traveling to other states possess all the rights and privileges of citizens in those other states |
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Term
| What are the 2 main changes seen in federalism today? |
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Definition
1. Shift from dual to cooperative federalism
2. Rise of fiscal federalism |
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Term
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Definition
| Both the states and national government are supreme in their own spheres |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of dual federalism? |
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Definition
| National governmental powers are narrowly interpreted; responsibilities between levels of government are distinct; most historians believe it's an outdated system |
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Term
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Definition
| States and national government share powers |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of cooperative federalism (the 3 criteria)? |
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Definition
1. Shared costs between levels of government
2. Federal guidelines
3. Shared administration |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of responsibility for policies from the national government to the states |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants to states |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of federal grants? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Grants that can only be used for specific purposes and often require states to enact certain policies in order to receive funds |
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Term
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Definition
| Using federal money from one program to influence policy in another program |
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Term
| Crosscutting Requirements |
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Definition
| When a condition is extended to all activities, even if they're unrelated |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of categorical grants? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Grant awarded on basis of application merits (ie. National Science Foundation grants are given to professors who apply) |
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Term
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Definition
| Grants that are distributed based on a mathematical formula |
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Term
| What is the big disadvantage of categorical grants? |
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Definition
| They involve cumbersome paperwork |
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Term
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Definition
| Grants that are given automatically to support broad programs; states determine how to use the federal funds |
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Term
| How does federal grant distribution compare to other governmental policies? |
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Definition
| In many ways it's more evenly distributed because it's universal (there's something for everyone); perhaps more equally distributed than education, income, and taxes |
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Term
| Why would states NOT want federal aid? |
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Definition
| Mandates may require the state to budge more funds into projects that aren't a priority for that state; sometimes the federal government may require states to implement certain policies and provide no funds for them |
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Term
| What are some advantages to federalism? |
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Definition
| More levels of government means that there are more opportunities for participation; allows states to dictate policies according to their unique interests; transfer of power between parties is peaceful; allows states to take initiative with policies; reduces policymaking conflict on a national level |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages to federalism? |
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Definition
| States differ in the amount of resources they can devote to policies; some policies can't be implemented because they'd attract too many people to sustain them; can thwart a national majority; results in too many governments |
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